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| was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Guevara soon rose to prominence among the insurgents, was promoted to second-in-command, and played a pivotal role in the successful two year guerrilla campaign that deposed the Batista regime. |
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| was a Cuban President, dictator, and military leader closely aligned with and supported by the United States. He served as the leader of Cuba from 1933–1944, and 1952–1959, before being overthrown as a result of the Cuban Revolution.Throughout the 1950s, Batista's corrupt and repressive regime systematically profited from the exploitation of Cuba's commercial interests, in partnership with U.S. corporations and the American Mafia. |
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| is an inlet of the Gulf of Cazones on the southern coast of Cuba. By 1910, it was placed in Santa Clara Province, then moved to Las Villas Province by 1961, but in 1976, it was re-assigned to Cienfuegos Province, when the original six provinces of Cuba were re-organized into fourteen new Provinces of Cuba.Playa Girón and Playa Larga were the landing sites for seaborne forces of armed Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs Invasion, an American C.I.A.-sponsored attempt to overthrow the new government of Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro in April 1961 |
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10 Million ton Sugar Harvest
(1970) |
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Definition
| Failed Revolutionary goods, diversify agriculture, industrialized, moral incentives to work, 'the new socialist man', export revolution. |
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| National Security Doctrine |
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| legitimized military participation in the political elements and achieve economic growth. It is a shift away from an emphasis on preparing to face external enemies. |
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| focal points of guerrilla activity intended to create revolutionary conditions in adjacent areas. Che Guevara was the principle exponent of the strategy in Latin America. |
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Alliance for Progress
(1961) |
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| a ten year program of cooperation between the United States and Latin America, which committed both sides to mobilizing resouces for land reform, industrialization, university education, and financial reforms. It was designed a package of reforms to strengthen democracy and lessen the appeal of Castro's Revolution. It largely failed. |
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| is a trade bloc comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence with the signing of the Cartagena Agreement in 1969. Its headquarters are located in Lima, Peru. |
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| is a movement in Christian theology which understands the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust political, economic, or social conditions. It has been described as "an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor. |
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| a Colombian priest turned guerrilla fighter who became convinced that building a socialist state was the moral imperative of all Christians. He dies in combat in 1966. |
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Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia
(FARC)
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| a Marxist-Leninist revolutionary guerrilla organization based on Colombia. It claims to represent the rural poor and to oppose foreign influence in the economy. Today it funds its operations principally through ransom kidnapping and taxation of the drug trade. |
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| a left wing urban guerrilla organization that formed in Argentina in the late sixties. Composed of mostly middle class students, the organization's ideology combined elements of socialism, nationalism, and Peronism. It's members attacked foreign businesses, military installations and committed numerous political assassinations, bank robberies, and kidnapping for ransom. |
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| Chile's 1970 Presidential Election |
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| Candidates: Salvador Allende, Jorge Alessandri, Rodomiro Tomic. Allende won and put Chile on the road to Socialism. |
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| "was the greatest hope for the Alliance for Progress", founder of the Christian Democratic Party. Elected President of Chile in 1964. Promised dramatic reform without Marxist revolution. |
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| The Chilean armed forces will support whichever presidential candidate reaches power through legal constitutional mechanisms |
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| a coalition on left wing parties in Chile that supported the presidential candidacy of Salvador Allende in 1970. The coalition included Communists, Socialist, Radicals, and Christian Democrats who often disagreed on tactics and the meaning of Chile's "Socialist revolution" inside the bounds of constitutional democracy. |
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| was a physician and the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of Chile. Allende's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years. As a member of the Socialist Party, he was a senator, deputy and cabinet minister. He unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. In 1970, he won the presidency in a close three-way race.He adopted the policy of nationalization of industries and collectivization. His policy of collectivization resulted in expropriation of lands and crop production dropped.Protests were held in Chile against Allende's rule.The Supreme Court criticized Allende for subordination of the judicial system to serve his own political needs and the Chamber of Deputies requested the military to restore laws in Chile. After this request by the Chamber of Deputies, General Augusto Pinochet deposed Allende in a U.S.-backed coup d'état on September 11, 1973 and this ended the Popular Unity government. During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup, Allende gave his last speech where he vowed to stay in the presidential palace. The cause of his death was officially declared suicide. |
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| was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Soviet-American Cold War. On 11 September 1973, the government of President Salvador Allende was overthrown by the Chilean military in a coup d’état. 55%-66% of Chile supported the military coup against Allende; however, most expected a return to civilian rule within three years. |
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| Bureaucratic Authoritarianism |
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Definition
| scholars have use the term bureaucratic authoritarianism to describe the wave of military government that came to power in Brazil, Argentina, and Peru in 1964, 1955, and 1968, because of their impersonal, technocratic character (no single officer dominating the government technocrats, running state ministries). |
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| National Reorganization Process |
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Definition
| is the name given to the government of the Argentine military that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. The period was characterized by a campaign to rid the country of armed militants and terrify political dissidents. Others military goals included high economic growth and nationalist aims, such as, recapturing the Falkland Island from Great Britain. |
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| was a campaign of terror waged by the Argentine military against left-wing guerrilla and their sympathizers (real and imagined) in the 1970s. Similar but smaller campaigns were carried out simultaneously by the Chilean, Uruguayan, and Brazilian militaries. |
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| the victims of forced disappearance in South America's dirty wars typically executed by agents of the state who do not admit that they have carried out the forced disappearance thereby place the victim outside the protection of law. |
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| the plan of South American military governments to share intelligence for the purpose of coordinating of political enemies in member countries. The program aimed to eradication alleged socialist and communist influence and to control active or potential opposition movements against the participating government. |
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| Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo |
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| a human rights organization composed of Argentine mothers whose children 'disappeared' during the Dirty War. Defying the dictatorship, they gathered at a central square in Buenos Aires to demand answers from the government about the fates of their children. |
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| (South Atlantic War or Guerra de las Malvinas) a military conflict between Argentina and Great Britain over a group of disputed islands in the South Atlantic controlled by the United Kingdoms. Britain's victory hastened a return to democracy in Argentina and exposed weakness in the inter-American system. |
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| The Latian American debt crisis |
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Definition
| occurred in the early 1980s when the foreign debt of Latin American countries exceeded their earning power and ability to repay their debt obligations. The debt crises forced governmetns to cut back on social spending. |
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| refers to the period of financial crisis in Latin America during the 1980s and for some well into the subsequent decade. |
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| was a political dynasty that ruled Nicaragua as an hereditary dictatorship from 1936 to 1979, amassing large fortunes from graft and corruption. The Somoza dynasty got political support from the United States for its anti-communism. |
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| a political party named after Augusto Cesar Sandino who resisted the U.S. occupation of Nicaragua in the 1930s. The Saninistas overthrew Anastasio Somoza Dabayle in 1979, ending the Somza dynasty and establishing a revolutionary government in its place |
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| refers to all the political groups opposed to the Sandinista Revolution. Ronald Reagan supported the contras, calling them freedom fighters and the Sandinistas instruments of Soviet-Cuban imperialism. |
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| was a Roman Catholic bishop in El Salvdor who criticized government toleration of right wing death squads which attacked peasant, leftists, and certain church leaders. He was assassinated in 1980 while celebrating mass the day after calling on Salvadoran soldiers to obey "divine law" and stop carrying out government ordered repression. |
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| Argentina's report documenting human rights violations committed during the National Reorganization Process (1976-1983) including 9,000 forced disappearances although the actual number is probably much higher. There similar post-authoritarian reports in Chile, Brazil, and Uruguay. |
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| refers to the process of minimizing the state's role in the economy, liberalizing trade policy, and maximizing the private sector's role in the economy. In Latin America, this type of policies reversed the tradition of import substitution. |
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| the most powerful cocaine trafficker in Colombia until his violent death in 1993. |
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| Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru led by Abimael Guzman. This is a brutal tactics created a massive outflow of peasants from the countryside to Peru's cities and nearly brought the government to collapse toward the end of the 1980s. |
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| is elected president of Peru in 1990 in a stunning electoral triumph. Right off, he introduced an economic shock plan with high social costs but which reduced inflation. He then implemented neoliberal policies and attracted foreign investment. In 1992 his government captured Abimael Guzman of the Shining Path, leading to that movement's defeat. |
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| activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government and is not included in that government's Gross National Products (GNP). By contrast, the formal economy is all economic activity that can be monitored and taxed. |
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North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) |
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| is an agreement signed by the governments of the United States, Canada, and Mexico creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada. In terms of combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members, as of 2007[update] the trade block is the largest in the world and second largest by nominal GDP comparison. |
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The Zapatista Army of National Liberation
(EZLN) |
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| revolution group based in Chiapas have declare war "against the Mexican state" on January 1, 1994. Their war has been principally nonviolent and defensive waged throught a savvy media campaign. Their social base is mostly rural indigenous people but they have supporter around the world. |
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Partido de Accion Nacional
(PAN) |
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| a social assistance program that provides cash payments-to poor Mexican families in exchange for regular school attendance, health clinic visits and nutritional support. |
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Argentine debt default
(2001) |
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| In 2001, this country defaulted on its bank loans creating great hardships for the general population. The event resulted in massive capital flight from the country, a devaluation of the currency and wide spread social protest. The event resulted in a rethinking of neoliberalism. |
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| the election of the left-leaning presidents across Latin America since 2000. Many have participial undone or at least modified neoliberal reforms of the 1990s. All are focused on poverty alleviation. |
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| Hugo Chavez's plan to build a mass movement dedicated to ending corruption in Venezuela achieving popular democracy, economic independence and income equality. The movement is supposedly inspired by the ideals of Simon Bolivar |
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| was first elected President of Bolivia on December 18, 2005, and the first indigenous president to be elected in Bolivia |
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| From Latin America's inception, foreign powers have domination the economy. The legacy of colonialism and neolcolonialism has stunted, dependent development manifest in the region's gross social and economic inequality |
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Latin America's middle class will leade a process of political economic, and social modernization.
=>professional soldiers will stay out politics or champion progressive cause. The traditional oligarchy already on the ropes, will lose even to an ascendent middle class that is confident, nationalistic and progressive. |
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