• harder for spanish to control and assimilate into cash economoy 
• ex. Tarascans
• More nucleated in Mexico and less nucleated in Andean

Coatequitl (Mexico)

Mita (Andes)

• Portuguese system of esablishing trading post on the coast of countries
• esablished permanent comercial presence without the cost of conquest and occupation

• Treaty of Tortesillas divided world into 2 areas of expansion through the portuguese town of tortesillas
• All native population had to be converted to catholicism

• Spanish American system for mining for gold and silver.
• Labor for mining run by encomienda

• Labor Grant from crown given to encomenderos
• dont posse people, but are benificiary of thier labor
• range from cattle ranching to pearl diving

• Aztec Rivals who help Cortes defeat Aztecs
• After War given specials status among Indians

• System where Indians still owned the land, but Spanish were in charge of their labor. 
• Govenor distrubuted Indian Labor to Spanish

• Position on conquering the Indians
• Indians were inferior
• Tyranical society it was the duty of a christian prince to change this
• Pagans had to be converted even if it took violence

• Rightfull heir to the Incan throne who is tricked and Ambushed by Cortes
• After he is captured gets his brother assasinated from jail
• Spanish execute him because he commits fraticide

• Well educated noblemen and soldier who conquers Aztec empire
• After War Cortes becomes first noble of Mexico and named Captain General

Naboria

• Individual working for ethnic lord
• Spanish adopt this system and later us it as basis of encomienda

• Mainly in Potosi
• 13,000 out of 80,000 Indians worked in the mines for a year
• They were paid 2 reales a day so some Indians worked for more than a year
• created working class in indiginous population
• 200,000 pop. by end of 18th century

• Silver deposit far into chichimec territory in Mexico
• Major silver mining center in Mexico

• Handled economics of America in Spain
• Spanish custom officers decided who and what could go to new world
• controlled by Council of Indies
• fleet system- ships from spain once a year with goods that were already taxed and also people and officials

• Indians are human, sovreign, had religion, but none of these things were perfect
• duty of Christian Priest to teach them to convert instead of forcing them
• If a christians power to make trade is blocked christian has right to make war
• christian freedom cannot be take away it is christian has right to declare war

• Private agricultural land ownings of Spaniards
• Estancias usually granted to ecnomenderos in the vicinity of Indians

• Collects money Indians produce to pay to encomenderos
• Made sure encomenderos didnt abuse Indians

• Audiencia is the council/ appelate court of monarch
• If anything happens to Vice Roy Praetorian Audiencia fufills duties

• Institution that created land market in South
• land given away at public auction to highest bidder
• Cabildo determines which land is used for what (coca cultivation, agriculture, textiles, etc.) 

“…there are some sins that are harmful to our neighbors, such as cannibalism or euthanasia of the old and senile, which is practiced in Terra Firma…and since the defense of our neighbors is the rightful concern of each of us, even for private persons and even if it involves shedding blood, it is beyond doubt that any Christian prince can compel them not to do these things.”

• Francisco de Vitoria 1534-1535
• Evangelization of unbelievers 
• his position on the debate
• Dominican from salamanca
• Just war and international law Christian Princes right to protect people from canabalism etc.

   “….when all the people of my company were distributed to their quarter, he returned with many valuables of gold and silver work, and five or six thousand pieces of rich cotton stuffs, woven, and embroidered in divers ways. After he had given them to me, he sat down on another platform, which they immediately prepared near the one where I was seated, and being seated he spoke…”

• Written by Cortez 1519
• Intial meeting between cortez and Motectzuma
• Motezumua misread Cortez's intentions thought he was a god etc.

 “The caciques made the round of their districts several times a year, to make sure that the Indians had no more that was allowed them, for they were not permitted to possess gold or silver or to wear fine clothes. They could not own a flock of more than ten animals without special permission…”

• Father Cobo 1609-29
• Two views of Incan empire
• negative view of Incan empire
• thought Indians savage and uncivilized

1.    “He also says that he has sent people in the direction of the North Sea to look for gold mines, feeling sure they exist; and they have written asking for permission to melt down and distribute the gold they have taken and what they should take or get from the mines in the future…”

• Standard conquerors report, by governor of tierra firm in panama letter to king 1525
• strategic location for further conquest 
• exageration to get better capitulacion

1.    “Your majesty orders that governors should give preference to conquerors and married settlers, and help to arrange the marriage of orphaned daughters of conquerors, and should sustain the poor with the patronage of these lands. What more just command could there be than this?”

• Encomendero opinions Bernal Diaz del Castillo
• encomenderos starting to get replaced by Haciendas
• The crown should not forget the encomenderos and conquerors who got them this land
• Governors starting to favor friends instead of conquerors

1.    “…the encomenderos of the whole area from Cuzco south received tribute in silver because their Indians went to work in the mines, and they got yet more silver by selling in Potosi products as unusable by Europeans as chunu and coca, to supplu the Indian labor force…”

• Nicola de Guervo mining entrepeneur in potosi
• written to friend about the new silver economy
• Europeans and Indians could buy goods now because of the money silver created