Term
|
Definition
| Current constitution of Mexico and was drafted during the Mexican Revolution; It was the first in the world to set out social reform; Some of the most important provision are Articles 3, 27, and 123; these display profound changes in Mexican political philosophy that helped frame the political and social backdrop for Mexico in the twentieth century. Article 3 forbids the setting up of a list of prohibited books and establishes the bases for a free, mandatory, and lay education; article 27 led the foundation for land reforms; and article 123 was designed to empower the labor sector. |
|
|
Term
| Alliance for National Liberation (ALN) |
|
Definition
| an Argentine Nacionalista and Nazi political party founded by Jordán Bruno Genta in 1943. It was a successor to the Alliance of Nationalist Youth led by Juan Bautista Molina who became the first leader of the party. The party was violently anti-Semitic and took part in attacks on the Sephardic Shalom synagogue in Buenos Aires as well as painting anti-Semitic graffiti on walls of buildings. Famous communist revolutionary Che Guevera assaulted a group of members of the party during a demonstration held by the ALN in 1943 where they were harassing pro-Allied students. |
|
|
Term
| The Master and the Slaves (1933) |
|
Definition
| Casa-Grande e Senzala is a book by Gilberto Freyre, about the formation of the Brazilian society. The "Casa-Grande" (big house) refers to the landlords residences in sugar plantations, where whole towns were owned and managed by one man. The "Senzala" refers to the dwelling of the Black working class, where they originally worked as slaves, and later as servants. In Freyre's opinion, the architecture of the Casa-Grande, was an expression of a patriarchal society. In this book the author refutes the idea that Brazil would have an "inferior race" because of race-mixing. He points to the positive elements that permeate the Brazilian cultural formation because of miscegenation (especially between Portuguese, Indians and blacks). The book deals with race/class separation, and miscegenation and is generally considered a classic of modern cultural anthropology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a “good neighbor” and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries. Overall, the Roosevelt administration expected that this new policy would create new economic opportunities in the form of reciprocal trade agreements and reassert the influence of the United States in Latin America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broader shift toward a more democratic, inclusive discourse of the Chilean nationhood. For the first time in history, the country’s ethnic diversity was recognized. Indigenous identity was no longer confined to just those who lived in an indigenous community. |
|
|
Term
| Indigenous Development Institute |
|
Definition
| promoted social, educational, and cultural development of indigenous peoples while taking into account their distinctive customs/traditions. Also increased agrarian reform and access to education. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposed all reform that would affect the elite, and with a majority in both houses this domination would continue. Felt Allende’s proposals were going to affect unity and threaten national security. Didn’t want to grant certain privileges to certain groups because Chilan’s were to be equal, arguing that recognition of indigenous autonomy would lead to the fragmentation of Chilean state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nacted revised goals for idigenous peoples of Paraguay. Promised to improve conditions for native peoples and settle them permanently, with respect to their culture. |
|
|
Term
| Department of Indigenous Affairs (DAI) |
|
Definition
| set up to settle the indigenous population in permanent locations and integrate them into the broader economy and national society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The four best known indigenous tribes living east of the Paraguayan River. Wanted to keep their independent identities by remaining in small isolated communities supplementing their crops with forest resources, and limiting outside cultural influences. These plans were backward obstacles for national economic growth and political stability. They opposed alignment with Catholic campesions around them these people were very traditional and closed minded. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adopted a new constitution to preserve the newly chosen democratic institutions. Allying themselves with the catholic church (who advocated strong defense of human rights to counter the regime, indigenous peoples mobilized to ensure that the new administration would support their land rights and improve their conditions. Paraguayans began to respect the indigenous rights. |
|
|
Term
| The Paraguayan Constitution 1992: Article 63 |
|
Definition
| The right of indigenous peoples to preserve and develop their ethnic identity within their respective habitats is recognized and guaranteed. They shall enjoy that right, as well as the ability to freely apply their systems of political, social, economic, cultural and religious organization, as well as the voluntary use of those norms that do not attempt against the fundamental rights established by this Constitution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The grouping of multinational identity reacting with one another in one community. |
|
|
Term
| Zapatista Army for National Liberation(EZLN) |
|
Definition
| a leftist guerrilla organization mainly composed of indigenous people, which was founded in 1983. The organization demanded land, autonomy, and dignity. They opposed NAFTA because it would disadvantage poor farmers and called for an end to corruption in Mexican politics. The Mexican government response to groups like these was violent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mounted police force vastly expanded under Porfirio Diaz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “fraudulent” elections in Mexico’s presidency between Diaz and Madero; deemed null and void by Madero’s issuance of the Plan de San Luis Potosi; led to Mexican Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written by Francisco Madero in response to 1910 elections calling the elections null and void; it ushered in the Mexican Revolution and led to collapse of Diaz’ Presidency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indigenous rebels; when NAFTA took effect (1994) they declared their opposition to the new trade arrangement; these new Zapatistas were Mayas from villages near the Guatemalan border; took Zapata’s name to remind Mexico of its nationalist heritage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by Zapata; declared Madero a traitor and denounced his presidency; called for free elections; laid out specifics on land reform – devolution of land to townships and citizens as opposed to land owning by large hacendados; called Pascual Orozco true revolutionary leader; and confirmed agrarian nature of Revolution |
|
|
Term
| Constitutionalist Movement |
|
Definition
| were the third faction in the Mexican Revolution consisting of mainly middle-class urbanites, liberals, and intellectuals who desired a constitution under the guidelines “Mexico for Mexicans”. After the revolution they would dominate Mexican politics as the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) until the late 1970s. They also demanded a nationalization of all Mexican land and resources under foreign control, which is something all Mexicans wanted. They sought to end Mexico’s struggle with a constitution that had only Mexico’s Hacienda owners’ interests at heart. The most important move the Constitutionalists enacted was the establishment of a one-party system which dominated Mexican politics until the late 20th Century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a revolutionary goal for land redistribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system where formerly communal lands which had been privately expropriated were to be returned to villages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terrorist syndicate located in Peru, founded and led by Abimael Guzman. Theology revolved around Chinese Marxism known as Maoism. Its goal was to replace the then current government with a “New Democracy.” However after the capture of Guzman, Shining Path lost a lot of its momentum. Disbanded by Fujimori |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promoted/Allowed Central and North American Countries to trade amongst themselves (US, Canada, Mexico) |
|
|
Term
| Central American Common Market |
|
Definition
trade organization envisioned by a treaty in 1960
- Nations involved included Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador
- The treaty was established in 1961; Secretariat for Central American economic integration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Customs agreement/union between the nations of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Eduador and Peru
- Founded in 1969 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an economic and political agreement (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay)
- promoted free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a treaty between the countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay)
- established a common market among the participating countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a period of economic crisis
- high levels of unemployment, economic stagnation and inflation
- volatility of markets, external solvency problems and low GDP growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a small but influential grassroots movement with in the Catholic church
-it started in the 1960’s and its main missions were the consciousness raising and social organizing of the poor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group of indigenous people who live in the south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina.
-demanded land they claimed was theirs from companies and private citizens in 1990s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
often joined with Marxism ideology
-articulation of ethic diversity ideals that arose in Brazil and other Latin American countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a leadership style, grew in Latin America after WWII as democracy grew.
--The political application of nationalist ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined the terms of cuba and US relations.US involvement in Cuban affiars, both foreign and domestic. |
|
|
Term
| Agrarian Reform of May 1959 |
|
Definition
| Cuban law that eliminated giant estates and took away from the owner, to establish state owenership of land. Groups of peasants jointly owned the land. |
|
|
Term
| Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 |
|
Definition
| trained CIA Cuban exiles were supported by the US government to invade and overthrow Castro and his government. The attempt failed within three days when Castro and his army defeated them. |
|
|
Term
| National Security Doctrine |
|
Definition
| anticommunist alliance between the US military and Latin American armed forces. The US will handle any communist invaders from outside the hemisphere and Latin American armies will take care of internal threats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| announced by John F. Kennedy in reaction to the Cuban Revolution; sort of “Marshall Plan” for Latin America: basic idea was to reduce revolutionary pressures by stimulating economic development and political reform; quickly ran out of steam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| revolutionary organizers in factories, poor neighborhoods, and universities |
|
|
