Term
Genus Borrelia
B. burgdorferi |
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Definition
| causes lyme disease vectored into humans by a bite from a deer tick. |
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Term
Genus Treponema
T. pallidum |
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Definition
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Term
Genus Campylobacter
C. jejeuni |
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Definition
| often found in cattle, pig,chicken intestines and contaminating meat products. Probably as common a cause of food poisoning as Salmonella |
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Term
Genus Legionella
L. pneumophila |
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Definition
| discovered when it sickened 182, killed 26 in a mysterious pneumonia outbreak at a 1976 Legionnaire's convention in Philadelphia. Now known to be common in streams as well as sometimes in the water lines of air conditioning systems. Responsible for a number of cases of pneumonia in nursing homes |
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Term
Genus Neisseria
N. gonorrheae |
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Definition
| cause of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease; often results in pelvic inflammatory disease which can scar Fallopian tubes and cause sterility neonatal infections from mother at birth |
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Term
Genus Neisseria
N. meningitidis |
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Definition
| the meningococcus, causes meningococcal meningitis |
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Term
Genus Pseudomonas
various pseudomonads |
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Definition
| very common in water and soil, resistant to many antibiotic and disinfectants, urinary tract infections, wound infections, very dangerous to burn patients, serious pneumonia in people with cystic fibrosis, often produce green or blue pigments and smell like concord grapes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the prokaryotic "guinea pig" very well characterized, used in pioneering studies of genetics, some strains cause travelers diarrhea, and strain O157:H7 is pathogenic |
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Term
Genus Klebsiella
K. pneumoniae |
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Definition
| cause of pneumonia in elderly and immunocompromised |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| causes typhoid fever, a big killer before good sanitation practices. Some people are asymptomatic carriers of S. typhi |
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Term
Genus Salmonella
S.enteritidis |
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Definition
| cause of salmonellosis a.k.a. food poisoning, very common |
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Term
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Definition
| No example species given. resembles E. Coli except it almost invariably produces a variety of enterotoxins |
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Term
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Definition
| vectored into humans by bites of infected fleas, causes plague. Bubonic plague has an untreated mortality rate of 50-75% pneumonic plague nearly always kills. The probable cause aof the "Black Death in 1347-1350 |
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Term
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Definition
| produces a powerful enterotoxin that inhibits water re-absorption in the large intestines, prodigious quantities of watery diarrhea, death by dehydration in hours. |
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Term
Genus Haemophilus
H. influenzae |
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Definition
| only grows on blood-based media in the laboratory, was discovered and mis-identified as the cause of the 1890 influenza pandemic. part of the normal (Hib vaccine) since 1985 |
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Term
Genus Bacteroids
B. fragillis |
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Definition
| strict anaerobe very common in human colon, cause of peritonitis from penetrating the abdominal wound. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitted to humans via bites of ticks (rocky mountain spotted fever)or fleas (typhus) |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitted between humans by direct contact or airborne contact. Causes nongonococcal urethritis, which may be the most common STD in the US. Children born to mothers may suufer eye infections which can lead to blindness if left untreated. (so silver nitrate or antibiotic salve is applied to newborns eyes) |
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Term
Genus Staphylococcus
S. aureus |
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Definition
| can be quite pathogenic. Commonly found on skin, nares, groin, axillae. Produces a variety of toxins and tissue-destroying enzymes, very resistant to drying and heat, often resistant to multiple antibiotics (MRSA) Can cause toxic shock syndrome, abscesses, wound infections, and food intoxication. |
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Term
Genus Streptococcus
S. mutans |
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Definition
| normal flora, forms biofilm on teeth (plaque) acids produced by carbohydrate fermentation results in dental caries. |
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Term
Genus Streptococcus
S. pneumoniae |
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Definition
| encapsulated; cause of pneumonia, especially in children and elderly |
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Term
Genus Streptococcus
S. pyogenes |
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Definition
| Group strep A, cause of strep throat, impetigo, ottis media, necrotizing fasciitis |
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Term
Genus Streptococcus
S. lactis |
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Definition
| lactose fermenter used in yogurt manufacture |
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Term
Genus Bacillus
B. anthracis |
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Definition
| first bacterium identified as the cause of a disease (Koch 1877) primarily a disease of livestock, infection results from inhalation or ingestion of spores. Vegetative bacteria produces deadly exotoxins which cause death by circulatory collapse and pulmonary edema |
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Term
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Definition
| produces enterotoxins, grows in cooked warm rice, common cause of Chinese-restaurant-acquired food poisoning |
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Term
Genus Clostridium
C. botulinum |
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Definition
| extremely powerful neurotoxins (considered the most deadly natural toxin known) causes flaccid paralysis, respiratory arrest, death. Symptoms result from eating contaminated food containing botulinum toxin. |
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Term
Genus Clostridium
C. difficile |
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Definition
| common cause of superinfection involving colon, toxins damage lining of colon, very difficult if not impossible to eradicate once established in the colon. |
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Term
Genus Clostridium
C. difficile |
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Definition
| common cause of superinfection involving colon, toxins damage lining of colon, very difficult if not impossible to eradicate once established in the colon. |
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Term
Genus Clostridium
C. difficile |
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Definition
| common cause of superinfection involving colon, toxins damage lining of colon, very difficult if not impossible to eradicate once established in the colon. |
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Term
Genus Clostridium
C. perfringens |
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Definition
| produces an assortment of tissue destroying enzymes and toxins, cause of gangrene, an almost inevitable sequwl to battle wounds before WWII |
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Term
Genus Clostridium
C tetani |
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Definition
| produces powerful neurotoxins which cause spastic paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| No sample species given. Lactobacilli ferment carbohydrates, producing acids. A common and necessary member of the vaginal flora, prevents colonization of vaginal epithelium by yeasts and other pathogens. Some lactobacilli used to produce yogurts, pickles, sauerkraut and buttermilk |
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Term
Genus Listeria
L. monocytogenes |
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Definition
| notable for being able to grow readily in refrigerated food. Found widely in animal populations, infection in pregnant women can result in serious consequences to the fetus. Occasional cause of sepsis and meningitis, particularly in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. |
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Term
Genus Corynebacterium
C. diphtheria |
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Definition
| a serious upper respiratory infection, until 1935 killed more children in the US than any other disease. Infections are rare today due to childhood immunization (DPT) |
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Term
Genus Mycobacterium
M. tuberculosis |
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Definition
| a growing problem, particularly in AIDS patients, many strains multiply-resistant, some strains are not treatable with any antibiotics. |
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Term
Genus Mycobacterium
M. leprae |
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Definition
| cause of Hansen’s disease (leprosy) extremities affected (bacterium grows best at the slightly lower temps (found in hands, , feet, face) |
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Term
Genus Mycobacterium
M. leprae |
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Definition
| cause of Hansen’s disease (leprosy) extremities affected (bacterium grows best at the slightly lower temps (found in hands, , feet, face) |
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Term
Genus Mycobacterium
M. ovium |
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Definition
| complex, a group of related mycobacterial species that have become a significant opportunistic pathogen in HIV/AIDS patients |
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Term
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Definition
| No sample species given. A large group (over 500 identified species) of soil dwelling, filamentous bacteria, various members of this genus are responsible for the production of many of our natural antibiotic drugs. |
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Term
Genus Mycoplasma
M. pneumoniae |
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Definition
| tiny bacteriu causes mild (walking) pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the dermatophyte genera, this fungus produces keratinases that allow it to digest and thus live in the keratin abundant in hair, skin or nail tissues. Responsible for many fungal infections of the hair skin and nails. |
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Term
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Definition
| another dermatophyte genus, usually affects only skin and nails |
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Term
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Definition
| third dermatophyte genus tends to prefer hair or skin to nails. |
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Term
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Definition
| this yeast genus responsible for most human yeast infections, both of the vagina and the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| often abundant in deposits of bird or bat droppings, humans become infected by inhalation. This fungus can grow in the lungs and occasional enter the bloodstream, causing a dangerous generalized infection. (histoplasmosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| a common mold that can grow on plants, and sometimes produces very toxic aflatoxins. Corn and peanuts are particularly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Consumption of the aflatoxin, even minute amounts, can cause serious illness in humans and livestock. |
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Term
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Definition
| historically thought to be a protozoan recent evidence suggests that this organism is a fungus. Although mostly harmless to healthy persons, Pneumocystis pneumonia is a significant illness in persons with HIV/AIDS |
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Term
| A virus measures 100 nm in length. What is its length in μm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which microscope achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| In using this microscope, the observer does NOT look directly at an image through a lens. |
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Definition
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Term
| Correctly trace the path of light through the compound microscope? |
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Definition
| light source; condenser; specimen; objective lens; ocular lens |
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Term
| Which microscope is used to observe a specimen that emits light when illuminated with an ultraviolet light? |
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Definition
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Term
| You are studying a cell structure that is approximately 100 nm in size. Which of the following provides the lowest magnification you can use to see this structure? |
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Definition
| scanning electron microscope |
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Term
| Which of the following types of microscope is used to observe viruses and the internal structure of thinly sectioned cells? |
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Definition
| transmission electron microscope |
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Term
| Which type of microscopes is best used for observing the surfaces of intact cells and viruses? |
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Definition
| scanning electron microscope |
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Term
true or false:
The limit of resolution of the compound microscope illuminated with visible light is approximately 0.2 μm. |
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Definition
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Term
true or false:
The greater resolution of the electron microscope compared to the compound microscope is due to the longer wavelengths of the electrons used to examine specimens. |
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Definition
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Term
Place the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order.
1-Alcohol-acetone
2-Crystal violet
3-Safranin
4-Iodine |
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Definition
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Term
Place the following steps in the correct sequence.
1-Staining
2-Making a smear
3-Fixing |
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Definition
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Term
| You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the first dye. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? |
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Definition
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Term
| You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the decolorizer step. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? |
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Definition
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Term
| You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the counter stain. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? |
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Definition
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Term
| Assume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstaining with safranin. Through the microscope, the green structures are |
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Definition
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Term
| Which step in the Gram stain is the critical step in differentiating gram-positive cells from gram-negative cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial smears are fixed before staining to |
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Definition
| affix the cells to the slide. |
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Term
| In microscopy, the term resolution |
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Definition
| refers to the ability to distinguish fine structure and detail in a specimen |
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Term
| true or false: In a completed Gram stain, gram-negative bacteria are colorless. |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false: In a completed Gram stain, gram-positive bacteria are purple. |
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Definition
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Term
Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes EXCEPT :
decomposition of organic material.
food production.
smog production.
infection.
O2 production. |
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Definition
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Term
Each of the following organisms would be considered a microbe EXCEPT
mushroom.
yeast.
bacterium.
protozoan.
virus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The term used to describe a disease-causing microorganism is |
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Definition
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Term
| Common commercial benefits of microorganisms include synthesis of |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false: Microbes are associated with life-sustaining benefits as well as life-threatening diseases. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the name Staphylococcus aureus, aureus is the |
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Definition
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Term
A prokaryotic cell may possess each of the following cellular components EXCEPT
ribosomes.
flagella.
a cell wall.
a nucleus.
a cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false: A student has obtained a sample of pond water for study. Using the high-power lens, he observes several cells with nuclei. He can conclude that the cells are NOT bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false: All cells possess a cell wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is credited with first observing microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally disproved by |
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Definition
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Term
Regarding Louis Pasteurs experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is true?
All preexisting microorganisms were killed.
The possibility of contamination was removed.
A food source was provided.
Air exchange was involved.
All of the answers are correct. |
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Definition
| All of the answers are correct. |
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Term
| The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by |
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Definition
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Term
| The use of phenol (carbolic acid) as a wound disinfectant was first practiced by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molds, yeast, and mushrooms. |
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Term
| The first step for directly linking a microbe to a specific disease according to Kochs postulates is to |
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Definition
| obtain a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal. |
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Term
| _____ is the physician first associated with vaccination. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first antibiotic to be discovered was |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first scientist to pursue a magic bullet that could be used to treat infectious disease? |
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Definition
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Term
true or false:
Spontaneous generation refers to living cells arising only from other living cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Normal microbiota are typically found in and on all the following body locations EXCEPT the
blood.
colon.
skin.
mouth.
upper respiratory system |
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Definition
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Term
Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT
changes in the environment.
microbial mutation.
modern transportation.
overuse of antibiotics.
use of genetically modified foods. |
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Definition
| use of genetically modified foods. |
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Term
| true or false: Infectious disease is almost totally eradicated in our world. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following are FALSE concerning microbes?
Which of the following are FALSE concerning microbes?
Microbes play a role in breaking down waste and decomposing dead organisms.
Microbes produce vitamins in the intestines.
Microbes generate oxygen through photosynthesis.
The primary role of microbes on the planet involves causing disease in animals and humans |
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Definition
| The primary role of microbes on the planet involves causing disease in animals and humans |
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Term
| Consider an organism that is eukaryotic, found in both unicellular and multicellular forms, may resemble a plant but is not photosynthetic, has chitin in its cell walls, and absorbs organic nutrients from decomposing material in the environment. This organism would be classified as which of the following types of organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding prokaryotic cells?
They lack a plasma membrane.
They typically have a circular chromosome.
They lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane.
They reproduce by binary fission. |
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Definition
| They lack a plasma membrane |
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Term
True or false:
The cell walls of bacteria are responsible for the shape of the bacteria and the difference in the Gram stain reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| requires transporter proteins |
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Term
Each of the following statements concerning the gram-positive cell wall is true EXCEPT it
maintains the shape of the cell.
is sensitive to penicillin.
is sensitive to lysozyme.
protects the cell in a hypertonic environment.
contains teichoic acids. |
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Definition
| protects the cell in a hypertonic environment. |
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Term
True or false:
If you observe rod-shaped red cells after the Gram stain, you can assume their cell walls contain endotoxin. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements best describes what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing 5% NaCl?
Water will move out of the cell.
No change will result; the solution is isotonic.
The cell will undergo osmotic lysis.
Water will move into the cell.
Sucrose will move into the cell from a higher to a lower concentration. |
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Definition
| Water will move out of the cell. |
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Term
Which of the following statements is true?
A cell can produce many endospores.
Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes.
Endospores are for reproduction.
A cell produces one endospore and keeps growing.
Endospores are easily stained in a Gram stain. |
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Definition
| Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes |
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Term
| Antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis ultimately cause bacterial cell death as a result of |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane |
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Definition
| through simple diffusion. |
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Term
The DNA found in most bacterial cells
is circular in structure.
is linear in structure.
is found in multiple copies.
is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
utilizes histones for chromosomal packaging. |
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Definition
| is circular in structure. |
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Term
| true or false: Cells placed in a hypotonic solution tend to lose water due to osmotic pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?
golgi complex
cell wall
vacuole
mitochondrion
nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| You are observing a Gram stain of spherical-shaped microorganisms that are linked in a chain and stain purple. How would you describe these bacteria using the correct terminology for the cell shape and arrangement? |
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Definition
| gram-positive streptococci |
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Term
| Which membrane transport mechanism requires ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structure acts like an invisibility cloak and protects bacteria from being phagocytized? |
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Definition
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Term
| By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration? |
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Definition
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