Term
|
Definition
| Covers 83% of the brain volume; cerebral hemispheres, gyri,and sulcus, lomgitudinal fissure, corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains 50% od the neurons, second largest brain region' located in the posterior cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| if the cerebellum and cerebrum are remove it remains; consist of the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongada |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the frontal lobe do |
|
Definition
| voluntary motor functions, planning, motivation, memory, social judgment, aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the seat of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses
forms surface layer (cortex) over cerebrum and cerebellum
forms nuclei deep within |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bundles of axons
deals with the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which germ layer does the nervous system rise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the neural crest give rise to?
|
|
Definition
peripheral nervous system
structure of the nervous system
intergumentary
endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| What does the neural tube rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lumen of neural tube give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main regions of the brain during the 5th week of embryotic development? |
|
Definition
Forebrain ( cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus)
Midbrain
Hindbrain |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the meninges? |
|
Definition
Dura matter ( two layers)
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial and virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose and throat |
|
|
Term
| The circulstion of Cerebrospinal Fluid is reabsorded where? |
|
Definition
| venous blood od dural venus sinuses |
|
|
Term
| 8 steps of CSF circulation |
|
Definition
1. choroid plexus secretes csf in each lateral ventricle
2. flows from foramina to 3rd ventricle
3. choroid plexu in 3rd ventricle adds more CSF
4. CSF flows down cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle
5. Choroid plexus in 4th ventricle adds more CSF
6. CSF flows out two lateral apentures and one median apenture
7. CSF fills subarachnoid spaces and bathes external surfaces of brain and spinal cord.
8. CSF is reabsorded into venous blood and dural venous sinuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delivering medications such as antibiotics and cancer drugs |
|
|
Term
| What are CVOs and their functions? |
|
Definition
| Circumventricular organs that are placed in the third and fourth ventricle where the barrier is absent |
|
|
Term
| How is blood filtered in both the blood brain barrier and the blood CSF barrier? |
|
Definition
Blood brain barrier and CSF barrier filters using tight junctions btw endothellial cells that form the capillary walls
|
|
|
Term
What causes hydrocephalus?
|
|
Definition
| Blockages od interventricular foramen, cerebral adequaduct, aperatures of 4th venrticle ( abnormal accumalation of CSF) |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the midbrain? |
|
Definition
cerebral penuncles
substantia nigra
cerebral crus |
|
|
Term
What does the cerebral penduncles do?
|
|
Definition
| two stalks that anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem antenrior to the cerebral aqueduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
go to and from cerebrum
deals with fine motor control |
|
|
Term
| substancia nigra does what |
|
Definition
| controls unwanted body movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundle of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum to the pons carries corticospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
| Degeneration of neurons inhibits the release of what neurotransmitter and lead to parkinson disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reticular formation? |
|
Definition
| loosely web grey matter that run through all the levels of the brainstem |
|
|
Term
| The five basic functions of reticular formation |
|
Definition
motor control
caridovascular control
pain modulation
sleep and consciousness
habituation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thalamus and hypothalmus and cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the thalmus |
|
Definition
| invovles memory and emotional functions |
|
|
Term
| what is the functions of the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
Hormone secretin
autonomic effects
thermoregulation
food and water intake
rythm of sleeo and waking
memory
emotinal behavior |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
sensory perception
memory
thought
judgement
voluntary motor actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
olfactory nerve
sense of smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
optic nerve
provides vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oculomotor nerve
eyeball movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trochlear nerve
eye movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trigeminal nerve
largest of the nerves
sensory never (most important) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abducens nerve
provides eyemovent lateral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypoglossal nerve
tongue movement for speech, food manipulations and swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
verstibulocochlear nerve
hearing and equillibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glossapharyngeal nerve
swallowing sensation from posterior tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vagus nerve
control of cardiac control
pulmonary
digestive
urinary functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accessory nerve
swallowing head neck and shoulder movement |
|
|
Term
| what does the parietal lobe do |
|
Definition
| receives and integrates general information taste and some visual processing |
|
|
Term
| what does the occipital lobe do |
|
Definition
| primary visual center of brain |
|
|
Term
| what is the temporal lobe |
|
Definition
| hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| understanding spoken language, taste and visceral reception |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of tracts |
|
Definition
projection tracts- carries info from cerebrum to rest of the body
commissural tracts-- enables two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with one another
association tracts-- connects different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
motor control
and is grey matter buried deep in white matter
receives info from the substania nigra and the motor areas of the cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the limbic system and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| located in the cerebral and is important for emotions and learinig |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Conductions, neural integrations, locomotion, reflexes |
|
|
Term
| where does the spinal cord begin and terminate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structures does the spine and spinal nerves pass through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many total nerves are in each region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two regions of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral |
|
|
Term
| What layers are thicker than elsewhere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the medullary cone? |
|
Definition
| a cord that tapers to the inferior to lumbar enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 |
|
|
Term
| What does the meniniges do? |
|
Definition
| enclose the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the three layers of meninges? |
|
Definition
| dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia meter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch enclosure of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| how can spinal bidfia be reduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the white and grey matter in the spine? |
|
Definition
neuron cell bodies with little myelin -grey matter
white matter-- abundantly myelinated axons |
|
|
Term
| What does grey matter do in the spine |
|
Definition
| receives and sends signals from spinal nerves, integration |
|
|
Term
| what does white matter do? |
|
Definition
| carry signals from part of the CNS to another |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ascending tracts? |
|
Definition
| carry sensory information up the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the descending tract |
|
Definition
fine control of limbs
upper neuron carry carries signal to spinal cord
lower neuron carries signal to target organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whaen fibers pass up or down the brainstem and spinal cord they cross over from left to right vise versa but do not happen at the same place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body, does not decussate |
|
|
Term
| The first order neurons on ascending tracts function is? |
|
Definition
| detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem |
|
|
Term
| the second order neurons on ascending tract function is |
|
Definition
| continues on the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem |
|
|
Term
| the third order neurons do what |
|
Definition
| carries the signal to thalamus to sensory region of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the upper motor neuron in the descending tracts? |
|
Definition
| originates in the cerebral cortex or brainstem and terminates on a lower motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the motor neuron ? |
|
Definition
| it is the brainstem or spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers bound together by connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bother afferent and efferent nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes and symptoms of polio and ALS? |
|
Definition
| caused by destruction of motor neurons and production of skeletal muscle atrophy from lack of innervation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cluster of neurosomas outside of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior root ganglion and where is the location? |
|
Definition
| contains the somas of sensory neairon carrying signals to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What does the cervical plexus do? |
|
Definition
| supplies neck and phrenic nerves to the diphragm |
|
|
Term
| What does the brachial plesu do? |
|
Definition
| supplies upper limb and some shoulder and neck |
|
|
Term
| What does the lumbar plexus do? |
|
Definition
| supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh and genitalis |
|
|
Term
| What does the sacral plexus do? |
|
Definition
| supplies remainder of the lower trunck and lower limb |
|
|
Term
| Cccygel plexus does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four requirements of a reflex? |
|
Definition
stimulation
quick
involuntary
stereotyped |
|
|
Term
| somatic reflexes vs. conditioned reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretch receptors embedded in skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is a proprioreceptor |
|
Definition
| specialized sense organs to monitor position and movement of body parts |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of stretch reflexes? |
|
Definition
maintain equilibrium and posture
stabilizes joints |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of flexor reflexes |
|
Definition
| a quick contration of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb |
|
|
Term
| what is reciprocal inhibition of a reflex? |
|
Definition
| prevents muscle from working against each other by inhibiting the antagonist |
|
|
Term
| Tendon flex work with excessive tension how? |
|
Definition
| inhibits muscle from contractin strongly before it tears a tendon |
|
|
Term
| what is complete transecton |
|
Definition
| severance of cord ...immediate loss of motor control below level of injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a motor nervous system that controls glands cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
also called visceral motor system |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary organs of the ANS |
|
Definition
viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
some structures of the body wall( cutaneous blood vessels, sweat glands and piloerector muscles) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the neurons presynaptic and postsynaptic send signal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the neurons presynaptic and postsynaptic cell bodies located |
|
Definition
| in the CNS and peripheral ganglion |
|
|
Term
| what is the sympathetic chain of ganglia |
|
Definition
| series of longitudinal ganglia adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column from cervical to coccygeal levels |
|
|
Term
| describe the function of reducing heart rate |
|
Definition
| the use long preganglionic nerve fibers. by reducing expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance |
|
|
Term
| what are the three nerve routes of the sympathetic division once they hit the chain of ganglia |
|
Definition
spinal- synapse and go to spinal cord
sympathetic- up the chain of ganglia and synapse
splanchnic- pass through and synapse in collateral ganglia |
|
|
Term
| what happens if nerves are severed |
|
Definition
| the heart and smooth muscles still contract |
|
|
Term
| what does the adrenal cortex do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the adrenal medulla do |
|
Definition
| functions as a neurotransmitter and secretes a mixture of hormones |
|
|
Term
| what regions of the nervous system does the parasympathetic division arise |
|
Definition
| brain and sacral of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what are the parasympathetic cranial nerves |
|
Definition
oculomotor(3)
facial nerve (7)
glossopharyngeal (9)
vagus nerve (10) |
|
|
Term
| What are the parasympathetic nerves and plexus of the sacral region |
|
Definition
| pelvic sphlanchnic nerves and S2 to S4of the spinal cord (plexus) |
|
|
Term
| what regions of the spine does the sympathetic arise |
|
Definition
| thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what are the functional differences of the btw parasympathetic and sympathetic ANS |
|
Definition
parasympathetic - calms the body functions reducing energy, resting, slows the heart
sympathetic-- increases heart rate, bo, airflow fight or flight |
|
|
Term
| somatic output vs. autonomic |
|
Definition
from ventral horn
one motor neuron
voluntary
neurotransmitter acetycholine
always excitory
denervation--flaccid paralysis
autonomic motor pathway--
output from lateral horn
two neurons
neurotransmitter ACh or norepherine (NE)
excitatory or inhibitory
devervation-hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference in mylenation of presynaptic ganglion and postsynaptic ganglio? |
|
Definition
|
|
