Term
| How does Acute Osteomyelitis occur? |
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Definition
| Osteomyelitis can occur as a result of spread from skin infections in persons with vascular insufficiency or by contiguous spread or hematogenous seeding. |
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Term
| In Acute Osteomyelitis, what is the most common cause of contiguous spread and what causes it? |
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Definition
| Direct extension or contamination of open fracture or wound. Caused by bacteria. |
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Term
| List the manifestations of Acute Osteomyelitis |
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Definition
| Persistent or recurrent fevers, increased pain at the operative or tramua site, poor incisional healing, often accompanied by wound drainage and separation. |
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Term
| A progressive neuromuscular disorder that affects men twice as often as women and develops in middle to late adulthood (55-60yrs). Death usually occurs in 2-5 years. |
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Definition
| ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) |
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Term
| What Neurons are affected by ALS? |
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Definition
| Upper and Lower Motor Neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
Begins with slowly progressive weakness and muscle atrophy in one limb. When the first is destroyed, the disease progresses toward the spinal cord to the next units. When the destruction reaches the spinal cord, it moves up and/or down destroying the spinal nerves and eventually on to the upper motor neurons.
Death usually results from involvement of crainal nerves and respiratory musculature. |
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Term
| This represents an acute episode of Exaggerated Sympathetic Reflex Responses that occur in persons with injuries at T6 and above. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the characteristics of Autonomic Dysreflexia |
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Definition
| Vasospasm, hypertension, skin pallor, GOOSE BUMPS, profuse sweating, headaches, nasal stuffiness and feelings of anxiety. |
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Term
| List the stimuli that can initiate autonomic dysreflexia. |
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Definition
| Visceral distention, full bladder or rectum, stimulation of pain receptors, ingrown toenails, DRESSING Changes, diagnositc or operative procedures, bladder spasms, uterine contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slowed ability to start and continue movements, and impaired ability to adjust the body's position. Can be a symptom of neurological disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is defined as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute. |
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Term
| What type of Mononeuropathy is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What systemic diseases is carpal tunnel associated with? |
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Definition
| Rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, and diabetes mellitus. |
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Term
| List the manifestations of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
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Definition
| Pain, paresthesia, and numbness of the thumb and first two and one half digits of the hand, pain in the wrist and hand which worsens at night, atrophy of the abductor pollicis muscle and weakness in precision grip. |
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Term
| When does Central Cord Syndrome Occur? |
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Definition
| When the damage is predominantly in the central gray or white matter of the spinal cord. |
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Term
| In Central Cord Syndrome, what happens to motor function in the upper and lower extremities? |
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Definition
| Lose motor function in upper extremities, but the lower extremities may not be affected. |
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Term
| In Central Cord Syndrome, if the lower extremities are affected, what happens to their functions? |
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Definition
| Bowel, bladder and sexual functions usually are affected to various degrees. |
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Term
| An elderly woman with osteoarthritis of the cervical spine is losing motor function in her upper extremities. What syndrome is causing this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What malignant tumor of CARTILAGE occurs primarily in middle age or later life, is slow growing, metatstisizes late, and is often painless? |
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Definition
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Term
| This complication of a fracture occurs when there is swelling in a limited space. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the manifestations of Compartment Syndrome |
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Definition
6 P's
1. Pain out of Proportion
2. Paresthesias (pins and needles, tingling)
3. Passive Stretch Pain
4. Pulseless
5. Paralysis
6. Pressure |
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Term
| What causes excessive pain and autonomic nervous system dysfunction manifested by hyperhidrosis and vasomotor instability? |
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Definition
| Complex Regional Pain Syndrome |
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Term
| What are some manifestations of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome? |
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Definition
| Muscle wasting, thin and shiny skin, abnormalities of the nails and bone, contractures and osteoporosis. |
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Term
| This type of peripheral nerve damage usually results in partial or complete recovery of function. |
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Definition
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Term
| What disorder manifests with asymmetry, unstable, malformed, subluxated or dislocation of the hip? |
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Definition
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip |
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Term
| What's the effect of Destroyed Nerve Fibers close to neuronal body? |
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Definition
| The nerve cell will die and not be replaced. |
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Term
| What happens to regeneration of nerves in a cutting type trauma? |
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Definition
| Scar tissue limits regeneration of axonal branches. |
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Term
| What happens to nerve regeneration in Neuropathies of neuronal cell bodies? |
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Definition
| Axonal regeneration is not possible. |
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Term
| What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? |
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Definition
| It's a recessive, single gene on the X chromosome disorder of boys. A degenerative disease affecting voluntary muscles. Caused by an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact. |
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Term
| In Duchenne MD, what problems begin at ages 2-3? |
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Definition
| Signs of muscle weakness, frequent falling, imbalances, abnormal posture, joint immobility and Scoliosis. |
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Term
In Duchenne MD, what occurs when there is an imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscles?
What is needed between 7 and 12 years of age? |
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Definition
Abnormal postures and joint immobility.
A wheelchair is usually needed. |
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Term
| In Duchenne MD, what does respiratory muscle involvement result in? |
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Definition
| Weak and ineffective cough, frequent respiratory infections and decreasing respiratory rate. |
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Term
| In Duchenne MD, what is the typical cause of death and when? |
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Definition
| Severe cardiomyopathy, respiratory and cardiac muscle involvement. Typically happens in young adulthood. |
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Term
| What is manifested by Pain, limited movement, tenderness over the involved bone or soft tissue, accompanied by fever and weight loss, is most seen in early teenage years and frequently located in the Femur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is manifested by respiratory failure, cerebral dysfunction, and skin and mucosal petechiae, occurs after a fracture of a long bone when fat droplets are released from bone marrow or adipose tissue at the fracture site? |
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Definition
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Term
| This complication of a fracture occures in areas where there is little soft tissue between the bone and skin and increases the risk of infection. You'll see skin bullae and blisters representing areas of epidermal necrosis with separation of epidermis from the underlying dermis by edema fluid. |
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Definition
| What is a Fracture Blister |
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Term
| A crystal induced arthropathy caused by the deposition of monosodium urate or uric acid cyrstals in the joints and initiates and inflammatory response. This condition usually occurs at night where pain in the Great Toe is so severe, even a sheet touching it causes pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| This polyneuropathy involves progressive, ASCENDING muscle weakness of the limbs that produce SYMMETRIC FLACCID paralysis. 30% of persons may require VENTILATORY assistance. Can result from immune mechanisms, toxic agents and metabolic diseases like diabetes. A Medical Emergency. |
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Definition
| What is Guillian-Barre Syndrome |
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Term
| A condition in which one-half of a patient's body is paralyzed. |
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Definition
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Term
| A worker at FedEx lifts heavy packages and turns to put them on a conveyer belt. He develops lower back pain that spreads down the back of his leg and over the sole of his foot. What's happening here? |
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Definition
| He's Herniated an Intervertebral Disk. |
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Term
| ID common causes of hip fracture, risk factors for and implications. |
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Definition
Hip fractures among the elderly are a major health problem that results in hospitalization, disability, loss of independence. Risk factors include: White women over the age of 50. Excessive alcohol consumption and caffeine, physical inactivity, low body weight, tall stature, use of psychotropic drugs, institutional residence, visual impairment and dementia.
Most hip fractures are a result of falls. |
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Term
This Osteonecrotic disease of the Proximal Femoral Ephiphysis that primarily affects male children between 2 & 13 years of age. It's primary pathologic feature is Avascular Necrosis of the bone and marrow of the ephyseal growth center of the femoral head. |
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Definition
| What is Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease? |
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Term
| This neuromuscular disease is caused by demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS. |
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Definition
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Term
| What age and ethnic group is most likely to develop in MS? |
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Definition
| Young and middle aged adults 20-45yrs. Occurs 2x's as much in women than in men. Persons of Northern European descent are at highest risk. |
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Term
| Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis |
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Definition
The areas commonly affected include the optic nerve, corticobulbar tracts, corticospinal tract, cerebellar tracts, medial longitudinal fasciculus and posterior cell column of the spinal cord.
Results in problems with Visual field, speech and swallowing, muscle strength, gait and coordination, balance, conjugate gaze function, eye muscles. Other symptoms include PARESTHEISA AND PAIN, abnormal gait, bladder and sexual dysfunction, vertigo, nystagmus, fatigue and speech disturbances. |
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Term
| When does Myasthenia Crisis occur and what usually precipitates it? |
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Definition
| Sudden exacerbation of symptoms and weakness - usually occurs when muscle weakness becomes severe enough to compromise VENTILATION to the extent that ventilation is needed. Exacerbated by periods of stress, infection, cold or after surgery. |
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Term
| An autoimmune disorder caused by destruction of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction that blocks transmission. Manifestations include Ptosis of the Eyelid, difficulty chewing and swallowing, weakness in limb movement, muscles of lower face are affected so you have to hold your chin to speak. |
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Definition
| What is Myasthenia Gravis? |
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Term
This Disease involves microfractures where the patellar tendon inserts into the tibia. It occurs during growth periods particularly in athletic individuals. It's Characterized by PAIN IN FRONT OF THE KNEE w/inflammation and thickening of patellar tendon. |
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Definition
| What is Osgood-Schlatter Disease |
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Term
| This is the most prevalent form of arthritis and is the leading cause of disablity and pain in the elderly. Joint changes associated with this are progressive loss of Articular Cartilage and Synovitis resulting from inflammation as the joint tries to repair itself. It's characterized by changes in composition and mechanical properties of cartilage. Thought to result from the release of Cytokines. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the Clinical Manifestations of Osteoarthritis. |
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Definition
| Pain and Joint Deformity. The pain worsens with use or activity and RELIEVED by REST. Crepitus and Grinding may be evident when joint is moved. Weight bearing joints are frequently affected. |
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Term
| This is an hereditary disorder characterized by defective synthesis of TYPE 1 Collagen tissue. It is marked by bone fragility, abnormal collagen synthesis and tooth development. |
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Definition
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Term
This condition involves inadequate mineralization of bone resulting from calcium or phosphorus deficiency or both. It's manifested by bone pain, tenderness and fractures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Common to all metabolic bone diseases and is characterized by LOSS OF BONE MASS greater than expected for age, race and sex. It occurs b/c of a decrease in bone formation, inadequate bone mineralization or excessive bone deossificiation. |
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Definition
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Term
This condition usually occurs after age 50, causes increased risk of fractures and is characterized by bone resorption exceeding bone formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe some of the manifestations of Osteoporosis |
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Definition
| The first manifestations are those of skeletal fracture. Fractures typically occur with less force than typically needed. Compression fractures of the vertebral column results in loss of height and kyphosis. |
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Term
| Risk factors of Osteoporosis |
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Definition
| Older white female, small bone structure, postmenopausal, family history, sedentary lifestyle, calcium deficiency. |
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Term
This disease is characterized by Focal regions of excessive bone turnover and disorganized osteal formation. Manifestations depend on the extent and site of the disease. Pts often have pain first along with an increase in ostoclast formation. 2nd most common bone disease after Osteoporosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| The formation of this Destructive Vascular Granulation tissue differentiates Rheumatoid Arthritis from other forms of inflammatory arthritis. |
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Definition
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Term
| This disease is a degenerative disorder of teh basal ganglia with progressive destruction of the nigrostriatal pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| This person may freeze in place and feel as if their feet is glued to the floor. When walking, they lean forward to maintain a center of gravity, take small shuffling steps w/o swining their arms. |
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Definition
| A person with Parkinson's Disease |
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Term
This person has TREMOR, RIGIDITY AND BRADYKINESIA. You may see rhythmic, alternating flexion and contraction movements (rolling a pill between the thumb and forefinger), slowed speech, uncontrolled sweating and excessive salivation. Passive range of motion shows rigidity like a ratchet. |
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Definition
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Term
| A subgroup of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that affects no more than 4 joints and affects 50% of children with JRA. |
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Definition
| PAUCIARTICULAR Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Term
| This condition involves DEMYELINATION or Axonal damage of multiple peripheral nerves. It results from immune mechanisms, toxic agents and metabolic diseases like diabetes. Guillan-Barre is one of this. |
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Definition
| What is a Polyneuropathy? |
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Term
| This autonomic nervous system disruption occurs in people with SCI at the T4 and T6 and above and is triggered when the patient is moved from a lying to sitting position or sitting to standing position. Manifestations may include dizziness, blurred vision, lightheadedness, headache, and possible fainting. |
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Definition
| What is POSTURAL HYPOTENSION? |
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Term
This disorder is a systemic inflammatory disease producing synovitis leading to destruction of the articular cartilage and underlying bone. It most frequently involves fingers, wrists, knees and feet. Hand involvement is usually bilateral and symmetric. |
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Definition
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Term
This condition involves the subluxation of the metacarphophalangeal joints causing "Swan Neck" deformity. When this deformity becomes fixed, loss of funtion occurs and the person can no longer make a fist. Manifestations are Fatigue, weakness, anorexia and weight loss. |
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Definition
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Term
This condition involves a lateral deviation of the spine that may or may not include rotation or deformity of the vertrebrae. More common in adolescence and most frequently seen in girls. Manifestations include: High Shoulder, prominent hip, projecting scapula, shortness of breath. |
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Definition
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Term
| This autoimmune disorder primarily affects females and is more common in Asians, African Americans and Latin Americans. It is characterized by the formation of autoantibodies that either damage tissue directly or combine with immune complexes to damage tissue. Damage effects almost every body system. |
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Definition
| What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? |
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Term
| Describe some manifestations of SLE |
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Definition
| Arthralgia and Arthritis are early symptoms. People typically will have a "butterfly rash" on the face, glomerular nephritis, pleural effusion and pericarditis. |
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Term
| This condition in children involves daily intermittent high fever usually accompained by a rash and generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, leukocytosis and anemia. |
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Definition
| What is Systemic Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis? |
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Term
This autoimmune disease of connective tissue is characterized by excessive collagen deposits in the skin and internal organs. Manifestations include: Poly arthritis, STONE FACIES and Raynaud phenomenon. |
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Definition
| What is Systemic Sclerosis? |
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Term
| This autonomic nervous system disruption that occurs below the level of injury in SCI and is triggered by deep endotracheal suctioning and rapid position changes, especially in quadriplegics or high level paraplegia. Furthermore, the vagus nerve doesn't allow the heart to beat too fast. |
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Definition
| What is Vasovagal Response? |
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