Term
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Definition
| Light Amplification with stimulated emission of radiation |
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Term
| When the Lasing Medium is stimulated By electricity |
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Definition
| The electrons change orbital patterns and emit light |
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Term
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Definition
| Coherent, columnated, and monochromatic |
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Term
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Definition
| With tissue depends on its wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
Absorbed by water and hence all tissues
Has limited penetration to a depth of < 0.5mm |
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Term
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Definition
Transmitted through clear tissues and materials
It is absorbed by dark tissues
Deep penetration to 2-6 mm |
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Term
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Definition
Selectively absorbed by hemoglobin and melanin
Penetration to 0.5-2 mm |
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Term
KTP
(Potassium titanyl phosphate) |
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Definition
Weakly absorbed by water and strongly absorbed by Hgb.
Penetration is 0.5-2mm |
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Term
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Definition
| Wavelength can be changed for hemoglobin absorption or phototherapy |
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Term
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Definition
Has classified lasers by their potential hazards
Classification ranges from 1-4
The higher the class the more hazardous
Most Medical lasers are class 4 |
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Term
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Definition
Can occur from laser exposure
Location of damage depends on the wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
Damage the retina
The lens will actually focus the laser emission on the fovea and increase intensity up to 100,000 times |
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Term
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Definition
Damage the cornea
Is blocked by nearly any type of glasses or goggles |
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Term
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Definition
| Are required to have a sign specifying laser type |
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Term
| Argon, KTP, YAG, and other lasers |
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Definition
| Need specific goggles to absorb the laser emissions |
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Term
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Definition
Can cause bronchial irritation
Produce mutagenic chemicals
In addition, viral particles can be released |
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Term
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Definition
| Used as well as surgical evacuation system |
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Term
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Definition
| Can Occur from ignition of the ETT or surgical packing |
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Term
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Definition
Sometimes used for insufflation
Laser plume is still a problem
Hypoventilation is possible
OR pollution from anestheic agents not returned to scavenger |
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Term
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Definition
A reduced FiO2 (30% or less) should be used
This may be accomplished with either helium or nitrogen introduction
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Term
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Definition
Is an oxidizing agent and not efective in reucing fire hazards
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Term
| PVC, red rubber, and silicon |
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Definition
| Can ignite if hit with laser |
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Term
| Combustion Products from ETT |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Must be protected with metallic coating
Laser- ready tubes are commerically available |
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Term
| The Airway Surrounding the Tube |
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Definition
| Can be packed with saline soaked sponges |
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Term
| Other means of surgical fire prevention |
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Definition
Avoid open air supplemental oxygen administration
Coat facial hair with a water soluble lubricant
Use flame-retardant drapes
Use suctioning below the drapes to avoid build up of oxygen
Avoid pooling of prep solutions
Have two syringes of saline available to extinguish fires
Educate staff as to causes and managment of fires and location of extinguish |
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Term
| Administer O2 only through an ETT or LMA |
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Definition
| If supplemental oxygen via mask or cannulae is required, oxygen flow should be disconitnued at least 1 minute prior to laser use |
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Term
| Container of water should be available |
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Definition
| To extinguish burning materials |
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Term
In order for a fire to occur, conditions met
(Fire Triangle) |
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Definition
Source of fuel must be present
Source of oxidizing agent must be present (O2, N2O)
Source of ignition (heat) must be present |
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Term
| Primary Response to an Airway Fire |
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Definition
Remove ETT and any flammable/burning material
Discontinue all gas flow
Pour saline into airway
Ventilate with a low FiO2 to reduce the incidence of smoldering and rekindling |
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Term
| Secondary Response to Airway Fire |
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Definition
Inspect removed tube to assess possible remaining burning material
Flexible or rigid bronchoscopy
Steroids and antibiotic therapy
Ventilatory support
Minimum of 24 hours of observatin |
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