Term
| How is verbal restraint used for sheep and cows? |
|
Definition
| Talk calmly but loudly. For cows, it is mainly to let them know where you are. For sheep, it has a calming effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area surrounding an animal that will cause it to move away from you if you cross into it |
|
|
Term
| What is the point of balance? |
|
Definition
| The point of balance is located at the cow's shoulder. If you move past the shoulder going toward the rear, the cow will move forward. If you move toward the head from the shoulder, the cow will stop and turn to move away from you. |
|
|
Term
| What are some things to consider when constructing chutes? |
|
Definition
| wide to narrow, dark to light, curved, solid/tall sides to block vision, illusion of an escape route at the end |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of restraint? |
|
Definition
| immobilize the patient in order to perform a medical procedure |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of restraint? |
|
Definition
| verbal, physical, chemical |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important type of restraint that you should always use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a sedative and an anesthetic? |
|
Definition
sedatives - animal remains conscious
anesthetic - animal is unconscious |
|
|
Term
| What are some things to consider when selecting a restraint method? |
|
Definition
| Should never be worse than the procedure being performed, start with minimal restraint; species, condition, attitude of patient; patient/client preference; gender of patient |
|
|
Term
| What do you need to do when approaching any animal? |
|
Definition
| Make them aware of your presence |
|
|
Term
| True or false: it is okay to leave an animal unattended in a headgate, chute, or table |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more dangerous, males or females? |
|
Definition
| intact males are the most dangerous, females with young are the second most dangerous |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic behaviors of aggressive cattle |
|
Definition
| looking directly at you, pawing the ground, lowering and shaking their head |
|
|
Term
| Proper way to approach cattle |
|
Definition
| Use your voice, touch them as you move in, move slowly keep disruption of animal to a minimum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to drive cattle to a particular location - essentially making yourself look bigger with your arms out to the side - often combined with point of balance/flight zone signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, strong, but light rope with a sliding noose at one end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toss the loop over the animal's head so that it encircles the neck. Pull the loop tight and wrap the standing part of the rope around a sturdy post twice. Pull or haze the animal toward the post while simultaneously shortening the standing part of the rope. |
|
|
Term
| Halters can only be applied when: |
|
Definition
| the animal is docile, or when leading a dairy cow to another location, or when the cow is in a headgate |
|
|
Term
| Halters are usually used when |
|
Definition
| moving a dairy cow from one location to another, or when the cow's head needs to be restrained for a procedure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide added restraint to the head. may attach to headgate if you are working by yourself |
|
|
Term
| What is a flank clamp and when would you use it? |
|
Definition
| a flank clamp is a metal bar that is clamped around the animal's flank, putting pressure on the flank and the lumbar vertebrae on the opposite side. They are used when working near the hind end of a cow that may kick |
|
|
Term
| What should be done prior to moving an animal into a chute? |
|
Definition
| Prepare the route and chute system, the headgate should be well lit, make sure that the chute and headgate are in working order |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a headgate? |
|
Definition
| A restraint device that can be closed about the neck of the animal that prevents its forward and backward movement, rendering maximum safety for animals and handlers when used properly. |
|
|
Term
| Reasons why you would need to immobilize the head |
|
Definition
| dehorning; detailed examination of head, mouth, eye, or hoof; collecting blood sample from jugular vein, other surgical procedures involving the head or neck |
|
|
Term
| When is it possible to work outside a pen? |
|
Definition
| if the pen is not too large, and if the walls do not extend from floor to ceiling. |
|
|
Term
| How do you work outside a pen? |
|
Definition
| stand on the outside of the pen or on a catwalk adjacent to the side of the pen. you must use a lariat - may need the owner to go in and move them towards you |
|
|
Term
| What would be some reasons to choose to work outside of a pen? |
|
Definition
| You are concerned for your safety, you are working alone |
|
|
Term
| When would it be appropriate to work inside a pen? |
|
Definition
| Your safety is not in jeopardy, you are familiar with the animal, you need to haze a potentially aggressive animal from a large pen toward a chute/headgate system, you need to work on a calf that is nursing its dam |
|
|
Term
| when working inside a pen, make sure that you.... |
|
Definition
| speak to the animal, open the gate deliberately, make all movements deliberate, make sure you have an escape route |
|
|
Term
| concerns when restraining a calf that is in a herd |
|
Definition
| calves will seek protection form the herd and mother. Mothers with young can be very dangerous, and there is also a risk of being trampled by the herd. Calves that have never been handled will be nervous and may be aggressive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)Have owner/farmer move calves into small pen
2) Always catch mother first and keep a close eye on her
3) Crowd into a corner of the pen, cradle the calf, and put into lateral recumbency much like a large dog
4) Make sure that the cow can always see the calf |
|
|
Term
| when and how would you put a halter on a calf? |
|
Definition
| When the calf is over 4 weeks old, tie it short |
|
|
Term
| Why is the sub Q route preferred over the IM injection route? |
|
Definition
| IM injections can cause scarring and reduce meat quality and value |
|
|
Term
| Explain the technique that may be used to encourage a cow to stand |
|
Definition
| tap, slap, or poke the back, rib, or thigh area of the cow. If she still resists, you may thrust your knees into the back and rib area. |
|
|
Term
| Where do you listen to ruminations on a cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are you examining the milk for in the strip test? |
|
Definition
| blood, flakes, color change, serum, wateriness, clots |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of the strip test? |
|
Definition
| Identifies clinical mastitis, stimulates milk let-down, shorter milking time, removal of foremilk |
|
|
Term
| Why is removing the foremilk beneficial? |
|
Definition
| May reduce contamination of milk machine, and contamination from one cow to another. Increases quality of milk being produced |
|
|
Term
| Why is subclinical mastitis costly for the farmer? |
|
Definition
| creates scar tissue which reduces quantity of milk produced for life, higher somatic cell count in the tank means less money for the farmer |
|
|
Term
| What important information is obtained from the CMT test? |
|
Definition
| Aids in detecting herd mastitis problems, determining faulty milking procedures or machines, determining effectiveness of teat dips and dry cow treatment programs, detects individual cow and quarter infections |
|
|
Term
| some advantages of the CMT |
|
Definition
| fairly accurate, inexpensive, sensitive, simple, little equipment, may be used on bucket or bulk tank samples, easy clean-up, environmental temp or foreign material have little effect on the test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scoring may vary, must be consistent as possible, scores represent a range, false positives occur frequently, acute clinical mastitis will not score positive |
|
|
Term
| Why do false positives occur frequently with the CMT? |
|
Definition
| Cows that have been fresh less than ten days, cows that are nearly dry |
|
|
Term
| Why does acute clnical mastitis not score positive on the CMT? |
|
Definition
| somatic cells will all be killed from the toxins produced by the infecting organism |
|
|
Term
| What must be done after any milking procedure? |
|
Definition
| dip teats with antibacterial teat dip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the mammary gland |
|
|
Term
| what is a freshening heifer? |
|
Definition
| young bovine female that is calving it's first calf |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to minimize stress when working with sheep? |
|
Definition
| Suppresses their immune system, causes them to get sick and/or go off feed, resulting in slower growth rate and less money for the farmer. (Poor reproduction, growth rate, fleece quality, high lamb mortality) |
|
|
Term
| What stress factors affect sheep? |
|
Definition
| Being alone, different handlers, drastic changes to or being in a new environment, seeing and smelling predators |
|
|
Term
| Why are llamas, great pyranese dogs, or donkeys often kept with a flock of sheep? |
|
Definition
| to defend flock from predators (may see you as a threat also) |
|
|
Term
| Explain how avoidance/follow the leader behavior of sheep is the key to moving the flock. |
|
Definition
| Use natural flocking instinct along with flight zone/point of balance to move them in the direction you want. However, you must alternate pressure (unlike cattle) and back off when they begin to move. Otherwise you will lose control of the flock. |
|
|
Term
| What is the appropriate way to approach a flock in a field? |
|
Definition
| do not approach head-on - come around the side from the back |
|
|
Term
| Can you use chutes/headgates with sheep? |
|
Definition
| Yes, it is similar to cattle, except smaller |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, but they are rarely halter broken. A much better method is to use your hands |
|
|
Term
| How do you capture a sheep by hand? |
|
Definition
| Use a small pen - approach one step at a time, grab flank and pull up as hard as you can, grab under the mandible quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| castrated male sheep or goat |
|
|
Term
| List the harmful problems that may occur if the ruminant's hooves were left untrimmed. |
|
Definition
| Uneven growth; corkscrew claws, scissor claws Sores Abscesses Hoof rot |
|
|
Term
| What is the most significant risk and primary concern(s) when catching and restraining sheep. |
|
Definition
| Sheep may cause injury to themselves and may even exhaust themselves to the point of hyperthermia |
|
|
Term
| What is the proper restraint method for trimming a sheep's hooves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two ways cattle may be restrained for hoof trimming? |
|
Definition
| Use a tilt table. This table is a hydraulic table that will tilt the cow or bull on it's side, which will then enable us to have access to their hooves for trimming. The second option is to use a trimming chute, which also has a headgate to restrain the cow or bull. One in the chute the each leg may be lifted mechanically using ropes or chains. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main reasons we need to trim hooves in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Prevent lameness and disease, or for show purposes |
|
|
Term
| Proper way to trim small ruminant hooves |
|
Definition
| Can use pruning shears - first clean the hoof - cut away excess hoof wall - may need to trim some of the sole or heel - make the sole parallel to the coronet band - stop if you see pink or they start bleeding |
|
|
Term
| how is trimming cattle hooves different? |
|
Definition
| same principle, but cattle's hooves are obviously thicker. First cut with the nippers and then use the grinder to smooth - be aware that a drastic change of angle will cause soreness. |
|
|
Term
| How do you evaluate the quality of an equine hoof trim? |
|
Definition
| should be uniform - no flaring or curling of the toe. hind hooves should have same angle and length - front hooves should have same angle and length. sole should be flexible but not too thin. hind hoof has a slightly greater angle than the front hoof. |
|
|
