Term
| Spinal cord neoplasia in horses notes |
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Definition
-rare
-direct extension of primary soft tissue or bone tumors or metastases
-melanoma
-lymphosarcoma
-HSA
-adenocarcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
-young animals as an extension of septic processes:
-Rhodococcus equi in foals or immunosuppressed adults
-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
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Term
| Cauda equina neritis: polyneuritis equi |
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Definition
-mature horses
-chronic progressive LMN dz or sacrococcygeal and cranial nerve
-paralysis of tail, anesthesia of perineum, poor anal tone, inability or urinate so overflow occurs, fecal obstipation
-eventual sciatic n. involvement and weakness
-may have V, VII, or IX cranial nerve paresis |
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Term
| Cauda equine neuritis dx, tx |
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Definition
-dx: clinical signs, absence of sacral fracutre, CSF tap: lymphocytic pleucytosis and increased protein
-tx: none exists; may use supportive care for a period of time (i.e. to get a prenant mare to term) |
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Term
| Caudal spinal cord disease |
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Definition
-sorghum cystitis and ataxia
-causes symmetrical ataxia of pelvic limbs
-urinary incontinence
-hypoalgesia |
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Term
| Spinal cord dz in cattle: traumatic injury |
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Definition
| -hypoderma bovis: migrate into epidural fat (July-Oct); organophosphate tx causes inflammation in spinal cord; clinical findingds: depends on site of lesion |
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Term
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Definition
-sheep, camelids
-late fall and winter
-trauma
-clinical findings: depends on site of trauma |
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Term
| Spinal cord compression in cattle |
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Definition
-adults-lymphosarcoma
-clinical signs: vary with size and site of lesion; progressive paresis and paralysis
-dx: titers for BLV; x-ray of spine |
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Term
| Spinal cord disorders in calves |
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Definition
-vertebral body abscesses
-Actinobacillus pyogenes
-fractures from trauma
-multiple fractures from rickets |
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Term
| Spastic paresis: Elso heel |
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Definition
-asymmetric spasticity of rear limbs in calves
-extreme extensor tone tone when standing, normal when recumbent
-cause is unknown, possible hereditary component
-tibial nerve neurectomy (82% improvement) |
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Term
| Periodic spasticity: crampy cow |
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Definition
-adult cows: INTERMITTENTLY hip muscles cramp with leg extended behind and kyphosis
-progressive weight loss |
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Term
| Spinal cord disorders in calves |
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Definition
-congenital/hereditary disorders
-neuroaxonal dystrophy: Suffolk adn Merino sheep
-Weaver syndrome: Brown Swiss
-Spinal muscular atrophy of brown swiss
-Progressive ataxia: Charolais |
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Term
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Definition
-etiology: Clostridium tetani
-pathogenesis: wounds provide anerobic conditions
-portal of entry: horses-injury, neonates, omphalitis; cattle-paturient metritis; lambs-castration, tail docking |
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Term
| Pathophysiology of tetanu |
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Definition
-exotoxin transported to the CNS-binds irreversiblely to the ventral horn to interneurone
-Tetanospasmin-prevents release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, unimpeded contraction with extensors overriding |
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Term
| Early clinical signs of tetanus |
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Definition
-muscle stiffness and muscle tremor
-difficult chewing
-tense facial muscles
-prolapse of 3rd eyelid
-colic |
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Term
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Definition
-bloat, pump handle tail
-still ears, lock jaw
-kyphosis, stiffness |
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Term
| Tetanus later clinical signs |
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Definition
-inability to eat and drink
-sawhorse stance
-tetatanic spasms
-triggered by noise
-opisthotonus
-persistent tetany leadig to death |
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Term
| Tetanus clinical course, dx, tx |
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Definition
-clinical course: sheep (3-4 d), cattle (5-10 days), horses (5-7 d), recovered cases do so slowly
-dx: no definitive dx test
-tx: control of muscle spasms (quiet, dark environment; ace), neutralization of circulating toxin with antitoxin, prevention of further toxin absorption, immjnize, penicillin, supportive care |
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Term
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Definition
-tetanus toxoid: vax annually
-wounds/sx: tetanus toxois, TAT, wound management |
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Term
| Equine motor neuron disease |
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Definition
-neurodegenerative disorder of somatic motor neurons
-resembles human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
-affects horses of all ages and breeds-QH at highest risk, thoroughbreds at high risk, no sex prediliction
-risk increases with age (peaks at 16 year, then declines) |
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Term
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Definition
-limited or no access to pasture (increases risk by 12-47 fold)
-fed complete feeds (pelleted)-increases risk by 12 fold
-fed supplements without Vit E: increases risk by 6-fold |
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Term
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Definition
-primary site of lesion-motor neurons in spinal cord ventral horn cells; brain stem cells V, VII, XII, and nucleus ambiguous
-secondary lesions: ventral root, peripheral nerve degen, neurogenic m. atrophy |
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Term
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Definition
-acute onset: trembling, excessive recumbency, constant shifting of weight in rear legs, muscle atrophy, 50% cases: lower than normal head carraige, oprophagia
-no ataxia
-horses walk better than they stand
-appetite normal to ravenous
-chronic cases: tail head elevated, unusual gait abnormalities |
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Term
| EMND: Laboratory findings |
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Definition
-mild to moderate increase: serum creatine kinase (1200 IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase (1300 IU/L)
-serum vit E concentrations: <1 ug/ml
-serum selenium concentrations: normal |
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Term
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Definition
-preliminary dx made upon: clinical signs, environmental hx, elevations in serum CK and AST, abnormally low serum vit E concentrations
-electromyography
-muscle biopsy/spinal accessory nerve biopsy-> sacrocaudalis dorsalis tail head m, sensitivity and specificity of 90%
-neurogenic atrophy: affects both type and II axons |
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Term
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Definition
| -spinal accessory nerve (ventral branch)-> innervates paired sternocephalicus muscles=> bilateral contractions: flexes neck ventrally; unilateral contractions: flexes neck to same side-> sensitivity and specificity of 90%, must be performed under general anesthesia |
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Term
| Ocular manifestations of EMND |
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Definition
| -fundic examination: distinct pigmented reticulatd pattern at tapetal-nontapetal junction or throughout fundus-> pattern colors ranges from yellow brown to black, areas of hyperreflectivity form mosaic patterns at tapetal fundus |
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Term
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Definition
-6000 IU of vitamin E/day
-natural better than synthetic vit E for absorption
-stabilization of clinical signs can occur
-may not completely recover
-usually only one or two horses on premises affected but the vit E in the diet should be addressed for all horses |
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Term
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Definition
-poor for return to function
-guarded for life
-some horses have residual effects: d/n regain muscle mass, appear emaciated, develop gait abnormalities, usually euthanied wihin one year |
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Term
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Definition
-C. botululinum: gram +, eight distinct types, B/C/D affect ruminants, disease in adults usually caused by ingestion of preformed toxin
-epidemiology: drinking stagnant water, infected rodent mixed into feed, discarded canned foods, haylage or round bale hay
-toxicoinfectious botulism spores are ingested and toxin produced in the G |
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Term
| Botulism pathogenesis/ clinical signs |
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Definition
-pathogenesis: impairs transmission at all peripheral cholinergic sites especially the NMJ; progressive flaccid paralyis of striatd m
-clinical signs: first sign is loss of tongue tone, flaccid paralysis, dysphagia, ileus and constipation, tremor associated with muscular weakness, death from respiratory arrest |
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Term
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Definition
-C. botulinum in stomach ulcers release toxins
-foals tremble violently before returning to laterla recumbency |
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Term
| Botulism: Dx, tx, control |
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Definition
-dx: no definitive dx, isolation of botulism toxin (feed)
-tx: botulism antitoxin=hyperimmune plasma ($500-100/dose) given early; supportive care: feeding via stomach tube, deep bedding
-control: vaccinate for type B; keep feed bunks clean; avoid access to ponds with stagnant water |
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Term
| Lesions of peripheral nerves |
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Definition
-usually unilateral loss of muscle tone, cutaneous sensation
-usually limited to one or two nerves-> differentiate from musculoskeletal disease
-diffuse PNS; occur with metabolic, toxic, and degenerative insults |
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Term
| Diseases of peripheral nerves: suprascapular n |
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Definition
-innervates: supraspinatus and infraspinatus muslces
-results of damage: atrophy of these muscles
-clincally: abduction of limb during forward motion, little lameness
-"Sweeney" |
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Term
| Disease of peripheral nerves: radial n. |
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Definition
-innervates-> extensors of elbow, carpus, digits
-results of damage: extensor paralysis
-clinically: dropped elbow (loss of triceps function), flexion of limb, usually carried due to lack of carpal extension |
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Term
| Diseases of peripheral nerves: median/ulnar n |
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Definition
-innervates: flexors of carpi and digitis
-results of damage: flexor paralysis
-clinically: lower limb hyperextension, walks as if hypermetric or stands with sawhorse stance |
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Term
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Definition
-innervates adductor mm of hind limb
-damage causes abduction of hind limb unilaterally or bilaterally
-historically associated with calving paralysis of sciatic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
-innervates extensors of stifle
-paralysis of quadriceps muscle-> no weight bearing by stifle joint
-limb flexed and toe dragged |
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Term
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Definition
-peroneal nerve paralysis
-tibial nerve paralysis
-sciatic nerve paralyss
-inability to place limb correctly or bear weight |
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