Term
| What are the 4 distortions commonly found in board lumber? |
|
Definition
| Cupping (along the width of the board), Bowing (along face), Crooks (along the edge) and twisting occur along the length. |
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Term
| What does "bark side up" refer to when laying decking boards? |
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Definition
| Laying decking boards with growth rings facing down and with the convex side up, preventing the board from entrapping water. |
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Term
| What is the optimum moisture content for lumber stability in a structure? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What 5 pieces of information are listed by lumber-graded marks? |
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Definition
1. grade designation (quality)
2. species identification
3. max. moisture content at the time of surfacing
4. the grading agency responsible for inspection
5. mill identification |
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Term
| Lumber grades are divided into which 4 performance standards? |
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Definition
| light framing, structural light framing, structural joists and planks |
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Term
| What do S-GRN and S-DRY mean? |
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Definition
| S-GRN = surfaced green and indicates that the board was milled with a moisture content above 19% and it is cut slightly oversized so that when dried to a 19% moisture content it will have the same dimensions as S-DRY planed at 19% or less. |
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Term
| How is solid lumber for engineered components graded? |
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Definition
| Mechanically and designated as MSR (Machine Stress Rated). They are both visually and mechanically tested. Stamps indicate species and assign one of 4 grades and give two stress measurements. |
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Term
| What are the two stress measurements for solid lumber used for engineered components? |
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Definition
1. The fiber stress bending F(b) is a measure of tensile and compressive forces.
2. Modulus of elasticity (E) how much deflection will occur under certain loads. Measures stiffness of wood member. |
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Term
| What are the 4 grades assigned to structural lumber? |
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Definition
| construction, standard, utility and stud |
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Term
| What are the 5 primary groups of wood connectors? |
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Definition
Concrete
caps and bases
hangers
straps and ties
miscellaneous and options |
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Term
| What are the two types of wood-concrete connectors? |
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Definition
1. Retrofit-insterted into a predrilled hole
2. Embedded-anchor bolts and hold-downs are set in place during the concrete pour. |
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Term
| What are the two types of wood hangers? |
|
Definition
1. Face Mount
2. Top Flange
Both rely on nails, screws or bolts to form the connection |
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Term
| What materials are exterior fasteners and connectors available in? |
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Definition
| Stainless steel and or galvanized carbon steel. |
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Term
| What 4 methods are used to apply galvanized coatings? |
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Definition
electroplating
mechanical plating
chemical treating
hot-dipping (molten zinc) |
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Term
| Which galvanizing method provided the thickest profile and best longevity and corrosion resistance? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the best material choice for wood fasteners used in salt or maritime environments? |
|
Definition
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Term
| When gluing wood together, at what moisture content is optimum strength achieved? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| List 3 types of wood adhesives |
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Definition
1. Glue (different for hard or soft wood)
2. Epoxies (can deteriorate outside)
3. Polyurethane foam adhesives (activated by water and temp resistant). |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of wood failure? |
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Definition
| Moisture penetration and associated damage by fungi, mold and insects. |
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Term
| What are the three forces which act upon wood? |
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Definition
Tensile (stretches the bearing member; e.g. a trampoline)
compressive (shortens the member, like a post)
lateral (perpendicular to vertical member, e.g. wind loads) |
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Term
|
Definition
weight per unit area:
Pounds per sq foot (psf)
or psi |
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Term
| What is a dead load versus a live load? |
|
Definition
Dead: weight of the materials composing a structure
Live: all non-permanent objects that will use, or bear, on a structure |
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Term
| What are six common problems to wood? |
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Definition
1. Splitting and cracking
2. Wood decay
3. Sagging members
4. Joint separation
5. Fastener Failure
6. Finish Failure |
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Term
| What is the most widely adopted building code in the United States? |
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Definition
| The UBC (Uniform Building Code) |
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Term
| What are 3 types of plastic lumber? |
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Definition
purified plastic lumber
co-mingled recycled plastic lumber
non-pure plastic lumber |
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Term
| What is engineered lumber? and what are the most common types used in the landscape? |
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Definition
Manufactured framing lumber such as beams and joists; includes plywood and oriented strand board (OSB).
1. solid timber lans (glue-laminated timber)
2. laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
3. parallel strand lumber (PSL) |
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Term
| What are benefits of engineered lumber? |
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Definition
| dimensionally stable and resistant to wood's natural propensity for shrinking, twisting, cupping, checking and warping. Fewer surface defects, designed to span greater distances than solid wood beams of equal size. |
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Term
| What is the typical size of plywood sheet? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| List several softwood species. |
|
Definition
| pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch, douglas-fir, hemlock, cypress, redwood, and yew. |
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|
Term
| List several examples of hardwood |
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Definition
| Examples of hardwood are mahogany, teak, walnut, oak, ash, elm, aspen, poplar, birch, maple etc. |
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|
Term
| At what MC is wood decay resistant? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which wood species are naturally resistant to decay causing fungi? |
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Definition
| redwood, cedar, bald cypress, black locust, and black walnut |
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|
Term
| What wood species are insect resistant? |
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Definition
| redwood, eastern red cedar and bald cypress. |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of wood preservatives? |
|
Definition
water-borne preservatives
oil-borne preservatives
creosote treatment (used especially in marine and saltwater) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The the presence of bark or absences of wood at a corner or along the edge of a piece. |
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Term
|
Definition
| separations along the grain of a wood piece, usually between the annual rings, caused by stresses on a tree while standing or during felling. |
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Term
| What are checks (on timber)? |
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Definition
| lengthwise separations of wood across the annual rings, caused by uneven or rapid shrinkage during the seasoning process. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Board feet: 1 board foot=the volume of a piece whose nominal dimensions are 12" square and 1" thick. |
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Term
| Nominal dimensions are always written without inch " marks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to calculate actual/dressed sizes of lumber after seasoning and surfacing? |
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Definition
| subtract ¼ inch for dimensions up to 2 inches; subtract ½ inch for dimensions 2 - 6"; and subtract ¾ inch for larger than 6" |
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|
Term
| What type of wood is most used in construction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the moisture content of air died lumber? |
|
Definition
| 12-15%. Most lumber is air dried. |
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Term
| Describe Kiln dried lumber. |
|
Definition
| MC 6-19%. primarily done for "appearance grades" or "finished lumber" |
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|
Term
| What is equilibrium moisture content? |
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Definition
| the moisture content that a wood member will attain in service as affected by local temperatures and humidity. |
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Term
| Describe horizontal shear strength and what affect it has on bolt placement. |
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Definition
| ability of a wood member to resist shearing horizontally from compressive forces at top and tensile forces at bottom. shear is most likely to occur along the neutral axis 2/3 down from top. The installation of bolts should be avoided along this plane. |
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Term
| What type of grain is best for sawn lumber? |
|
Definition
| straight grained is strongest and has fibers oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the piece . |
|
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Term
| What type of grain accepts stains, preservatives, paints and surface sealers best? |
|
Definition
| Coarse grained (widely spaced growth rings with large pores). Close-grained wood has annual rings closer together (hardwood) and makes it harder to accept treatment. |
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Term
| List several termite resistant wood species. |
|
Definition
| redwood, bald cypress and easter red cedar |
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|
Term
| List three wood defects due to surfacing> |
|
Definition
Machine burn
torn grain
skip (an area on a piece that fails to surface smoothly as it passes through the planer. |
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Term
| What are the two types of sawn lumber? |
|
Definition
| Plain-sawed (producing flat grained boards) and quarter-sawn (producing edge or vertical grained boards). |
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Term
| List the 4 common methods for specifying size and quantity of lumber. |
|
Definition
1. Board measure or board foot (BDM or BD FT)
2. Lineal Meter (Feet) (Lm, Lf or Lft)
3. Nominal size and length
4. Areas to be covered (shakes and shingles) One square unit covers 100ft2 of area whn laid with a normally exposed coursing width. |
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|
Term
| List the 4 common methods for specifying size and quantity of lumber. |
|
Definition
1. Board measure or board foot (BDM or BD FT)
2. Lineal Meter (Feet) (Lm, Lf or Lft)
3. Nominal size and length
4. Areas to be covered (shakes and shingles) One square unit covers 100ft2 of area whn laid with a normally exposed coursing width. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hand split shingles with rough, split faces and wither sawed or split backs (all are made from Western Red Cedar). All are graded No. 1 and 100% heartwood |
|
|
Term
| What are the three common types of shakes? |
|
Definition
Taper split (preferred for siding)
Straight split (siding)
hand split (roofing) |
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|
Term
| What does No. 1 grade mean for wood? |
|
Definition
| All clear, all heartwood, and all quarter sawn. |
|
|
Term
| List several methods of application for wood. |
|
Definition
| Brushing, spraying, dipping, soaking, double diffusing, thermal processes, pressure treatments, empty cell process (used for oil born preservatives). |
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|
Term
| Which deck framing system does not utilize joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many board feet of lumber are in a 10' long 4x6? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The live load of a deck is measured in? |
|
Definition
| psf (pounds per square foot) |
|
|
Term
| The actual size of 2x12 is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary cause of paint failure on exterior wood is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another term for the modulus of elasticity of a grade of lumber is? What are its units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary cause of graying of unfinished exterior wood after installation is due to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The actual size of a 4x8 is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The deflection of a wood member, which is the amount of horizontal deformation that occurs when a member is loaded, is measured in what units? |
|
Definition
| Inches and expressed as a ration (1/180) the degree the beam bends |
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|
Term
| The spacing of joists in a deck equals the decking _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does green or seasoned wood have greater nail holding strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Required live loads are specified in what units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended live load for residential decks? public decks? |
|
Definition
res: 40 psf
public: 100psf |
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|
Term
| What are the two classifications of common yard lumber? |
|
Definition
Select and common.
Select #1 and #2 are smooth, knot free, suitable for finished surfaces.
Select #3 and #4 are smooth with a few tight knots.
Common#1 and #2 are suitable for framing and exposed surfaces
#3 temp construction
#4/stud for light framing and temp
#5/utility - batter boards, forming, stakes. |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of SYP? |
|
Definition
| very dense and strong, but not decay resistant. difficult to cut, work with and finish. inexpensive, does not hold paint well. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Western Red Cedar? |
|
Definition
| soft, easily rocked, heartwood is moderately decay resistant. Attractive, takes all finishes well. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of redwood? |
|
Definition
| Heartwood is dark brown in color and very decay resistant. Sapwood is slightly decay resistant and lighter in color. Soft and easily worked, takes all finishes well, expensive. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of douglas fir? |
|
Definition
| Dense, fairly strong, slightly decay resistant, somewhat difficult to finish |
|
|
Term
| What are the two framing methods? |
|
Definition
| Platform and Plank and Beam |
|
|
Term
| Which framing method does not use joists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of plank and beam framing? |
|
Definition
| utilizes posts, beams, and decking. Produces a thinner profile than platform method, more expensive materials cost, requires larger structural members, less expensive labor cost than platform method. |
|
|
Term
| 4x4 posts are suitable for what height range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4x6 are suitable up to what height? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is bracing of posts recommended? |
|
Definition
| On all decks greater than 5' in height. Bracing is highly recommended on all free standing decks greater than 5'. Bracing is typically composed of 2x members secured with bolts. (2x4s up to 8', 2x6s for more than 8' brace lengths) |
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|
Term
| Describe design factors for concrete post footings. |
|
Definition
Place post on top of concrete footing held in place by pin or dowel.
Post may be anchored to concrete footing with post anchor and is supported above ground.
Footing size depends on the weight to be supported and the soil bearing capacity.
Footings should extend below frost depth (18'24")
Specify concrete compressive strength; 3000psi at 28 days is usually adequate. no reinforcing required. |
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|
Term
| What are general beam sizing and spacing guidelines? |
|
Definition
Size depends upon wood strength, span, spacing and design load.
4x6 for up to 6' span and spacing
4x8 for up to 8' span and 6' spacing
4x10 for up to 10' span and 8' spacing |
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|
Term
| What are general joist span, spacing and size guidelines? |
|
Definition
-size required depends upon the span and spacing between joists
6'span: up to 32" spacing with 2x6
8'joist span: up to 32" spacing with 2x8
10' joist span: up to 32" spacing with 2x10 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bridgin is recommended for joists 8' or greater in span. Locate bridging 1/3 distance from end of joist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The two most common ways to correctly attach a ledger to a structure are lag screws or through-bolts through the ledger and into the rim joist of the supporting structure. The installation of through-bolts requires access to the back side of the rim joist which, in some cases, is not possible without significant removal of drywall within the structure. |
|
|
Term
| Describe ledge installation guidelines. |
|
Definition
Ledger Installation guidelines:
- Screws must be installed into a stud or rim board with sufficient thickness.
- Screws can be installed over sheathing provided it is structural sheathing (OSB or plywood).
- Rim board must be at least 1½” thick or a reduction to the catalog loads is required.
- When installed into a stud, a minimum edge distance of 3/8” must be maintained.
- Minimum of 3” long screws must be used (plus the thickness of any structural sheathing that remains in place).
- Ledger must not be installed over siding or stucco, it must be fastened directly to the rim joist, stud, or sheathing.
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|
|
Term
| What size decking is appropriate for a 16" span? up to 60"? |
|
Definition
16" use a 1x4
up to 60": 2x4 or 2x6 |
|
|
Term
| What are typical riser and tread dimensions for wood steps? |
|
Definition
risers typ 4-6"h and treads 12-18" length.
-steps supported by stringers (notched or continuous) typ at same spacing as joists of deck. Stringers must be anchored at both ends.
-Notched stringers are typ req'd for steps greater than 3' in width. |
|
|
Term
| What depth must be maintained uncut for support on notched stringers (2x12 or 2x14 often used)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Railings should be provided for all decks more than ____" above grade. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Railings shall be designed to withstand how many psf, uniformly loaded? |
|
Definition
| 100-200 lbs. per lineal foot |
|
|
Term
| What are required railing heights for public and private decks? |
|
Definition
42" above deck surface for public
36" for private. |
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