Shared Flashcard Set

Details

LARE Section 4
Structural Considerations and Materials and Methods
235
Architecture
Professional
10/31/2012

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Difference between proposed and existing contours.
Definition
Existing are thin and dashed, proposed are thicker and solid.
Term
How is the flow line at the bottom of a pipe indicated?
Definition
By a spot elevation.
Term
Which direction to swale and drainage ditch contours point?
Definition
Uphill
Term
Which direction do contour lines point along a ridge or crown of a road?
Definition
Downhill.
Term
At which end of a drainage pipe should you indicate an invert elevation?
Definition
both.
Term
The HPS must be lower than the elevation of the object for which the swale is intended.
Definition
Term
What side are contour lines labelled on?
Definition
Uphill
Term
1 acre = ?sq ft
Definition
43,560 sf
Term
1 square yard = sf
27 cubic ft = cu. ft
1 mile = ft
Definition
9 sf
1 cu. ft.
5,280 ft
Term
What is the rational formula for calculating stormwater runoff?
Definition
Q=CIA
Q=quantity of water in units of cfs (cu. ft. per second)
C=Cover factor for the soil and vegetation, decimal with no units (% or rainfall that runs off without infiltrating)
I=rainfall intensity (in/hr)
A=Area of watershed (acres)
Term
How do you determine the boundaries of a Watershed?
Definition
1. Begin at collection point (lowest pt)
2. Trace a line uphill from low pt perpendicular to contours
3. when you reach a hilltop or ridge, go back a trace in other direction to top of other side.
4.connect 2 lines by following ridge lines and saddle points.
Term
What are the common units for earthworks?
Definition
cu. yards or cu. meters
Term
What are the three primary methods of calculating volumes of soil for earthworks? p. 326 in Landscape Arch Graphics Standards
Definition
1. Contour Planes or plans
2. grid cell or borrow pit
3. average end area
Term
Describe the GRID cell or borrow pit method for earthwork volume calks.
Definition
Useful for excavations
1.Divides site into grid cells. Calculate change in elevation caused by grading plan at each corner of the grid.
2. Cal the avg depth of cut and fill for each cell
3. multiply the avg depth of cut and fill by area of each cell.
Term
Describe the Average End Area Method of calculating earthwork volume.
Definition
Usually used for linear objects (roads or golf holes)
1.Draw cross sections at regular intervals showing both existing and proposed elevations
2. Measure the areas of cut and fill shown at each cross section in square inches and convert to sf.
3. average the areas of cut and fill shown between two successive cross sections.
4. Multiply the average areas of cut and fill shown b/n two successive cross sections by the distance b/n the cross sections on the plan to convert to cu ft.
5. First and last sections are usually cone shaped andare more accurately calculated with V=A/3 x L, where A = base of cone.
Term
Describe the contour planes method for calculating earthwork volume.
Definition
Most common for site plans
1. measure the area shown in cut and fill for each contour on the plan in sq. in. and convert to s.f.
2. Multiply the area of cut and fill for each contour by the contour interval (depth) to convert to cu. ft.
Term
Slope=
Definition
rise/run or y/x
Term
y=
Definition
mx (slope x horizontal)
Term
x=
Definition
y/m (rise/slope)
Term
What side are contours always labeled on?
Definition
uphill side.
Term
What is sheet drainage?
Definition
Surface water that drains across a plane.
Term
What type of grading is generally used for athletic fields?
Definition
sheet drainage in shallow topography.
Term
What type of drainage should be used for athletic fields on steep topo?
Definition
sheet and swale drainage together.
Term
What will RIM EL represent for a drain inlet on a warped plane?
Definition
the lowest point for the warped plane.
Term
typical width of parking space?
Definition
9'
Term
What should be added to indicated direction of surface runoff
Definition
flow arrows
Term
What direction to swale contours point?
Definition
uphill
Term
what are the 3 parts of a swale?
Definition
hps, a cross slope and longitudinal slope
Term
What is an acceptable range for longitudinal swale slope?
Definition
2-4%
Term
Where should a HPS be located?
Definition
at the saddle point.
Term
What is the minimum depth of a swale?
Definition
6"
Term
What are the 3 parts of a retention pond?
Definition
collection basin, dam/embankment, and a swale connection opposite the dam
Term
What height should a retention pond embankment/dam be made?
Definition
6" above the pond's highest elevation
Term
How do you determine the correct height for berm visual measurements?
Definition
Add eye height to ground elevation. then add 6" to final calc of height for berm to be safe.
Term
what slope should swales warp a berm?
Definition
max allowable slope.
Term
what shape will a concrete road create topographically.
Definition
A chevron.
Term
What shape will an asphalt road create topographically?
Definition
A parabola
Term
what is a typ specified height for a curb?
Definition
6-8"
Term
Below what % grade is a slope considered accessible?
Definition
5%
Term
Above what % slope in the existing topography will stairs/ramps be needed?
Definition
5%
Term
What are the three components of stair design?
Definition
riser, tread and landing
Term
What are the min and max # of risers for a set of stairs in the landscape?
Definition
min 3, max 10 per set; or 5' of vertical change before a landing
Term
What is the typical height of a riser
Definition
4 min.-7"
Term
typical tread length and riser height?
Definition
tread: 10-18" long
riser: usually 6" high
Term
Wash on tread?
Definition
2% (does not need to be included in the calculations for stairs)
Term
What is a common formula to give a workable riser to tread length?
Definition
2R+T=24-26 INCHES
Term
What is the minimum length of a stair/ramp landing?
Definition
5' of clear space between railings or walls. same width as stairs
Term
how far must a railing extend at the top and bottom of a set of stairs?
Definition
1' at top; 1'+1 tread length at bottom of stairs.
Term
When are handrails required for stairs?
Definition
for all sets with more than 3 risers
Term
What is the width req'd to determine stair railing placement?
Definition
One handrail for every 2.5' (30in) of a width of stair; ie. 3' wide stairs require one rail on one side only. a 6' wide stair requires 3 rails, one on each side and one in the middle.
Term
What is the required height of handrail of a ramp?
Definition
34-38" above riser
Term
What are the min and max allowable longitudinal slopes for a ramp?
Definition
min 5% (20:1), max 8.33% (rise: run 1:12)
Term
What are the max height and length for a ramp run before a landing?
Definition
length: 30', height:30"
Term
What is the cross slope for most ramps?
Definition
2%, so landing will be warped planes.
Term
What is the min clear width b/n handrails for one way and two way ramps?
Definition
one way: 3'
two way:5'
Term
If a cheek wall is shown for a ramp, what height will it probably exceed?
Definition
42", the max height above finished grade.
Term
What must a cheek wall include at the top?
Definition
A safety railing in addition to the hand rails req'd for the entire length of the ramp on BOTH sides. Hand rail may be attached to safety railing, cheek wall or ramp
Term
What height must a hand rail maintain above a ramp?
Definition
34-38" and must extend past the ramp 1' at both top and bottom. when meeting an existing walk a 1' level distance is included ramp length for extension of hand rail so it does not stick out.
Term
What amount must be added to a spot elevation to determine the FFE of a building when calculating from a point outside the building?
Definition
1" (0.08")
Term
What three variables should be know when doing pipe calculations?
Definition
INV IN, pipe diameter and slope.
Term
What are INV IN and INV OUT?
Definition
INV IN: the spot elevation at the base of a pipe that is flowing to a catch basin.
INV OUT: the spot elevation at the base of a pipe that is flowing AWAY from a catch basin.
Term
A pipe that is flowing away from a catch basis is often (but not always) ___________ than a pipe flowing to a catch basin.
Definition
bigger
Term
How high should and INV OUT for a pipe be above an existing stream or channel to ensure positive flow and prevent backwash?
Definition
6"
Term
What are the 2 main objectives of SWM?
Definition
1. reduce downstream flooding
2. reduce flooding damage by restricting floodplain development.
Term
What is BMP
Definition
Best Management Practice for SWM
Term
Define BMP
Definition
Measures which have been developed to control, store and/or treat storm water runoff from developed areas for the purpose of reducing flooding or removing pollutants while maintaining or enhancing env. quality.
Term
What is the goal of BMP?
Definition
to control non-point source pollution while providing effective BMP.
Term
What is a retention pond/basin?
Definition
A wet pond or basin which contain a PERMANENT pool of water.
Term
What are the main features that need to be considered when designing a retention basin?
Definition
1. Maximize flow length b/n inlet and outlet. suggested width to length ration of 3:1
2. The pond should expand gradually in the direction of flow.
3. Pool depth should be b/n 4-8', with a level safety bench provided at least 10' wide by 1'deep
Term
What is a detention basin?
Definition
a dry basin, used as a means of controlling peak discharge rates through the temporary storage of storm runoff. Outflow rates are set at or below pre-development rates and flow is metered out of the basin until no water remains.
Term
considerations for detention basin design?
Definition
1. maximize flow length from inlet to outlet
2. side slopes of basin should be LESS than 3:1, with the floor having a min slope of of 2% (think swale)
3. An access way of at least 10' wide with a slope of 5:1 or less should be provided for maintenance equipment.
Term
Soils with a high silt and fine sand content have a __________ erodibility potential.
Definition
high
Term
Soils with increased clay and organic content have __________ erodibility potential.
Definition
Lower
Term
In what situation might a reverse crown be desired on a road?
Definition
An alley, to channel water away from yards or service buildings.
Term
what is the difference between a ditch and a swale?
Definition
A ditch is usually deeper and narrower than a swale is is typically not vegetated. Depth is usually 2 feet or more. Swales are preferred, but ditches may be necessary in tight spaces.
Term
What would be the least amount of slope allowable on a playing field if paved or closely mowed turf?
Definition
0.5%
Term
What information is contained in a finished grading plan?
Definition
1.Ex and Prop. contour info, bldgs, structures, utilities
2. Proposed walks, roads, parking lots
3. Property lines with bearing and dimensions
4. location and extent of tree protection
5. ALL spot elevations
6. Max and min slopes with downhill arrows
7. storm water drainage inlets and manhole,with designation for rim and invert elevations
8. Stormwater piping with designation for material, diameter length and slope
9. subsurface drainage systems
Term
What amount is typically added to cut and fill calculations to compensate for shrinkage factor?
Definition
5-10%
Term
What other elements must be accounted for in cut and fill calculations other than proposed and existing grades?
Definition
Calculations must account for the amount of existing surface material that is removed and the amount of new surface material constructed. i.e. the finished grade of a road is not the final depth of excavation, you must also account for all sub grade depths as well. Also, topsoil will need to be stripped prior to new construction fill.
Term
Which 4 grading elements need both a RE and IE?
Definition
Drain inlet, storm drain, manhole and catch basin.
Term
What are the two major phases of roadway design?
Definition
1. alignment of the road (horizontal and vertical direction)
2. grading the adjacent landscape to the road edge.
Term
List methods of fastening or connecting wood to:
1. wood
2. concrete
3. masonry
Definition
1. Nails, wood screws, bolts
2. Lead anchors and lag bolts gals. angles
3. Lead anchors and lag bolts
Term
List methods of fastening or connecting asphalt to:
1. Concrete
2. Aggregate
3. Asphalt
Definition
1. tack coat of emulsified asphalt
2. prime coat of cutback asphalt
3. tack coat of emulsified asphalt
Term
List methods of fastening or connecting Masonry to:
1. Concrete
2. Masonry
Definition
1. Mortar, masonry anchors, grout
2. Mortar, masonry ties and/or anchors
Term
List methods of fastening or connecting metal to:
1. Masonry
2. Concrete
3. Metal
Definition
1. grout and galvanized surface
2. grout and galvanized surface
3. make sure of galvanized surfaces to prevent corrosion
Term
Angle Iron
Definition
an L shaped iron, steel bar or structural steel member used to make a frame rigid.
Term
Asphalt
Definition
A dark brown to black cementitious material, solid or semisolid, in which the predominating constituents are bitumens which occur in nature. (2) A similar material obtained artificially in refining petroleum; used in roofing systems as a waterproofing agent; it is often mixed with aggregate to create paving surfaces.
Term
Brass Pipe
Definition
Any pipe constructed from any copper alloy containing zinc as its principal alloying element. Often used in plumbing where rust is a factor.
Term
Brick
Definition
A solid or hollow masonry unit of day or shale, molded into a rectangular shape while plastic, and then burnt in a kiln. Used in many ways but principally in the construction of dwellings and hardscapes.
Term
Butt Hinge
Definition
A door or window hinge consisting of two rectangular metal plates which are joined with a pin, fastened to butting surfaces such as the face of a jamb and the edge of a door.
Term
Caulk
Definition
A resilient mastic compound, often containing silicone, bituminous, or rubber base; used to seal cracks and fill joints, in order to prevent leakage and provide waterproofing.
Term
Ceramic Tile
Definition
A thin, precast product composed primarily of day that has been fired to a high degree to prevent moisture absorption. Ceramic tile is available in both an unglazed (natural) finish or with a colored finish baked onto its surface. Tile are always used with mortar or grout, and are available in a variety of size and shapes. Common applications include paving and pool walls.
Term
Concrete
Definition
A composite material which consists essentially of a binding medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate; in portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of portland cement and water.
Term
Concrete Masonry Unit
Definition
A block or brick cast of portland cement and suitable aggregate, wit or without admixtures, and intended for laying up with other units as in normal stone masonry construction.
Term
Copper pipe
Definition
A pipe constructed of a lustrous reddish metal that is highly ductile, malleable, and resistant to corrosion. The pipe has a high tensile strength. It is available in a wide variety of shapes; widely used for downspouts, interior water lines and weep holes in retaining walls.
Term
Epoxy Sealer
Definition
A class of synthetic, thermosetting resins which produce tough, hard, waterproof, chemically resistant coatings, seals, and adhesive.
Term
Expansion Joint Material
Definition
Asphalt impregnated fiber strip used to provide a waterproof separation between adjacent structural elements.
Term
Filter Fabric
Definition
A geotextile material, designed to allow water to pass through while retaining fine soil particles. Common uses are in silt fences, underground drains, and behind retaining walls.
Term
Flashing
Definition
A thin impervious sheet metal placed in construction to prevent water penetration and/ or provide water drainage, especially between a roof and a wall, and over exterior door openings and windows. Typically composed of aluminum or stainless steel.
Term
Flat Steel
Definition
Galvanized sheet metal used for window or door lintels, bracing for wood deck posts, or other connections.
Term
Cement Nail
Definition
A nail which is coated with cement to increase its holding power.
Term
Finish Nail
Definition
A slender nail made from finer wire than the common nail; has a brad type head which permits it to be set below the surface of the wood, leaving only a small hole which can be puttied easily; used primarily in finishing work.
Term
Grout
Definition
Mortar containing a considerable amount of water so that it has the consistency of a viscous liquid, permitting it to be poured or pumped into cracks, joints, and cores within masonry walls. Grouts are high in tensile bond strength, but low in compressive strength.
Term
Mortar
Definition
A mixture of cement, sand, water, and lime used to bond together precast masonry units.
Term
Soil Cement
Definition
A mixture of mineral soil, Portland cement, and water used to make a hard surface. Used to strengthen the bearing capacity of a soil for paving or retaining walls. It is also sometimes used as a simple pavement by itself for trails.
Term
Welded Wire Mesh
Definition
A series of longitudinal and transverse wires, arranged at right angles to each other, and welded together at each intersection. Used as reinforcement in concrete paving to hold cracks tightly together. Specified by the spacing of the wires (in inches) and the gauge (wire diameter). Common sizes are 6x6 #10, 6x6 #8, 4x4 #10, and 4x4 #8.
Term
What factors affect a nails holding power?
Definition
diameter, length, shape and surface.
Term
What materials are common nails usually made of?
Definition
Steel or aluminum.
Term
Describe how nails are sized and measured
Definition
Length (inches) or Penny (another length unit, d, one penny is approx 1/2"), gauge (diameter; The bigger the number, the thinner the nail)
Term
What is the difference between joist hanger nails and common nails?
Definition
Joist hanger nails are shorter than common nails of the same gauge or penny.
Term
Describe how concrete handles compressive and tensile forces.
Definition
Concrete is inherently strong in compression, but steel reinforcement is required to handle tensile and shear stresses.
Term
What is Portland Cement?
Definition
a hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder.
Term
What are the components of concrete?
Definition
a mixture of aggregate, portland cement, water and sometimes admixtures.
Term
How many types of Portland Cement are there?
Definition
Five
Term
What factors limit coarse aggregate size in reinforced concrete?
Definition
the size of the section and the spacing of the reinforcing bars limit aggregate size.
1/3 the depth of a slab, 1/5 the thickness of a wall or non-reinforced elements, or 3/4 of the clear space between the bars and the form work.
Term
What is the purpose of Air-entraining concrete admixtures?
Definition
Should be used under all conditions involving severe exposure to frost/thaw temperatures. They disperse microscopic air bubbles to increase workability and resistance to cracking from freeze/thaw.
Term
What type of water should be used for mixing concrete?
Definition
Potable water. Avoid water with sulfates, salts or deleterious substances.
Term
List 4 ways to reduce water penetration in concrete.
Definition
1. Keep water:cement ratio to less than 0.5 by weight
2. carefully treat all joints and cracks to prevent leaks
3. add chemical and admixtures to reduce water penetration
4. apply waterproof surface seal or compound.
Term
Three reasons for controlling the setting time of concrete are:
Definition
1. reduce the setting time when below freezing
2. increase working time when temps are hot
3. control bleeding, or the movement of water to the surface of freshly placed concrete.
Term
What three factors are controlled by the water:cement ratio?
Definition
Strength, durability and water tightness
Term
The compressive strength of concrete is ___________ proportional to the ratio of water to cement.
Definition
Inversely. Too much water makes it weak and porous after curing. too little water makes concrete dense and unworkable. Best ratio of water:cement is usually 0.45 to 0.6
Term
How is concrete usually specified?
Definition
According to the compressive strength it will develop within 28 days after placement.
Term
What two tests are used for concrete to determine strength and workability?
Definition
1. Slump test: determines consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete.
2. Compression test: uses a hydraulic press to measure the max load a 6" test cylinder can support in axial compression before fracturing.
Term
What are several uses/benefits of steel reinforcement of concrete?
Definition
1. absorb tensile, shearing and sometimes compressive stresses
2. ties vertical and horizontal elements
3. reinforces the edges around openings
4. minimizes shrinkage and cracking
5. controls thermal expansion and contraction
Term
How is rebar sized?
Definition
the bar number refers to its diameter in eighths of an inch; e.g. #5 bar is 5/8 in diameter, so #4 rebar is 1/2"
Term
What is another name for common brick?
Definition
Building brick; not specially treated for color or texture.
Term
What is Face Brick?
Definition
made of special clays for facing a wall, often treated to produce the desired color and surface texture.
Term
How quickly should ready-mixed concrete be delivered and placed after cement has been added to the mixture?
Definition
90 minutes.
Term
What must be done to the subgrade and forms prior to pouring concrete?
Definition
they must be moistened to prevent extraction of water from the concrete. forms should also be treated with a non-staining release agent for easier removal.
Term
What are the three most common joints used in concrete construction?
Definition
1. isolation or expansion joints
2. Control or contraction joints
3. Construction joints
Term
Which concrete joint extends the full depth of the concrete?
Definition
Isolation (expansion) joints; to provide lateral movement between slabs or other fixed structures.
Term
What is the purpose of Control (contraction) joints?
Definition
to restrict the cracking of the concrete to predetermined locations. Should be 1/4-1/3 depth of concrete. if tooled, this is done during the finishing of the concrete. If sawed, this is done within 12-24 hours of finishing.
Term
What are construction joints?
Definition
constructions joints provide places where casting of concrete can be stopped during construction. They may contain tie bars, slip dowels, and/or keyways for load transfer.
Term
What are the spacing requirements for control joints?
Definition
for a 4"thick or more, should have control joints 8-10' apart, but never more than 20" apart in any direction. Make square if possible. Square shape when possible.
Term
All joints, except control joints should be filled with what type of material?
Definition
fiber, wood, metal or other materials to provide a smooth and safe wearing surface.
Term
What are the most common methods for retaining the moisture in concrete for proper curing?
Definition
1. wet curing
2. waterproof paper or plastic sheets
3. sprinkling or ponding of water
4. curing compounds
Term
What is the best temperature range for curing concrete?
Definition
50F-85F (10-29C)
Term
How long should concrete be protected from freezing weather during installation?
Definition
1-2 weeks
Term
What should be used to retain moisture during the curing process on colored concrete?
Definition
A wax-based curing compound that is clear or the same color as the colorant should be used, because waterproof paper or plastic sheeting will result in discoloration.
Term
What is the purpose of a concrete seal or glaze?
Definition
to provide a waterproof sealer which prevents or reduces moisture and chloride penetration.
Term
What are the three common types of concrete seal/glaze?
Definition
1. Sealer and curing compound-applied on damp concrete or used on fresh concrete as a non-fugitive curing compound that will provide continuous protection.
2. Glazier-sealer: a compound that brings out the natural color of slate, brick, stone and concrete, while providing moisture and chloride protection.
3. Deck coating: allows water to evaporate, but still protects. UV resistant. Do not apply until concrete is thoroughly dry.
Term
What is efflorescence?
Definition
a white powdery deposit that forms on an exposed masonry or concrete surface, caused by the leaching and crystallization of soluble salts from within the material. Reducing moisture absorption is the best assurance against efflorescence.
Term
Review bonding patterns
Definition
Term
What are the standard nominal dimensions of a brick?
Definition
4" wide, 2 2/3" high, 8" long (includes manufactured width of unit plus a mortared joint (3/8-1/2"))
3 courses = 8 inches.
Term
What are the 6 brick unit positions? TSS pp. 840-5
Definition
stretcher, header, soldier, rowlock stretcher, rowlock, sailor
Term
List 3 mortar joint types with good weatherability.
Definition
concave or rooded and set in slightly ("("), V-shaped (<), and grapevine ({)
Term
List four mortar joint types with Fair weatherability.
Definition
Flush and rodded (concave not set in); weathered (\), ruled (small V inset); flush or plain cut.
Term
List 5 mortar joint types with poor weatherability.
Definition
Beaded (}), Raked (inset flat); struck (/); extruded (convex protruding); scintled (rough extruded)
Term
What does brick grading designate?
Definition
the durability of a brick unit when exposed to weathering in one of 3 U.S. weathering regions. Brick is graded according to its compressive strength, max water absorption and max saturation coefficient.
Term
What is SW brick?
Definition
suitable for exposure to severe weathering.
Term
What is MW and NW brick?
Definition
MW: suitable for exposure to moderate weathering.
NW: suitable for negligible weathering as in back up or interior masonry.
Term
What is a Norman Brick?
Definition
4x2 2/3x12" long
Term
What are Concrete Masonry Units? (CMU)
Definition
precast units of Portland cement, fine aggregate and water.
Term
What are the two grades of concrete block?
Definition
N: loadbearing CMU suitable for use both above and below grade in walls exposed to moisture or weather.
S: loadbearing CMU limited to use in above grade, in exterior walls with weather-protective coatings, or in walls not exposed to moisture or weather.
Term
What is the difference between Type I and II CMU?
Definition
Type I is manufactured to a specified limit of moisture content to minimize shrinkage that can cause cracking. Type II has no specified MC.
Term
What is the standard nominal dimension of a CMU stretcher block?
Definition
8x8x16"
Term
Describe Granite and its uses.
Definition
Granite is difficult to finish and relatively expensive. Typical uses include building veneer, pavers, curbing, crushed stone, and granite dust.
Term
Describe Limestone and its uses.
Definition
Limestone is chemically reactive and should be waterproofed or isolated by a waterproof membrane if it touches the ground to prevent staining. Typical uses include building veneer, ashlar or flagstone walls, pavers, crushed aggregate and limestone dust.
Term
Describe marble and it's uses.
Definition
Available in 4 quality grades and chemically reactive. Uses: veneer, monuments, and crushed aggregate.
Term
Describe Sandstone and its uses.
Definition
Serves well as a non-slip walking surface. Uses: veneer, pavers, cut stone and rubble.
Term
Describe Slate and its uses.
Definition
Strong and durable, high tensile strength, lots of colors. Uses: flagstones for paving or walls, and roofing slate.
Term
How do air content, flow and time affect the bond strength of mortar?
Definition
1. as the air content is increased, bond strength decreases.
2. as the flow increases, the bond strength increases.
3. as the lapsed time between the spreading of the mortar and the laying of units increases, the bond strength decreases.
Term
What are the three components of mortar?
Definition
cementitious material. clean well-graded sand, and water.
Term
What 4 plastic properties does mortar possess?
Definition
Workability, water retention, initial flow, flow after suction.
Term
What determines the compressive strength of mortar?
Definition
the amount of portland cement in the mix.
Term
What are the types of reinforcement used in masonry construction?
Definition
wire reinforcement, wall ties, anchors, dowels and reinforcing bars.
Term
How can corrosive situations be prevented when aluminum is used?
Definition
by applying bituminous or zinc chromate prime on metal.
Term
What is steel?
Definition
various Iron based alloys having a carbon content less than that of cast iron and more than wrought iron. Qualities: strength, hardness and elasticity.
*Because steel is normally subject to corrosion, steel must be painted, galvanized or chemically treated for protection against oxidation.
Term
What is alloy steel?
Definition
carbon steel to which various elements, such as chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, etc. have been added in a sufficient amount to obtain a particular physical or chemical property.
Term
What is Stainless Steel?
Definition
contains a min of 12% chromium, sometimes with nickel, manganese, or molybdenum as additional alloying elements, so as to be highly corrosion resistant.
Term
What are 3 non-ferrous metals usually used in construction?
Definition
Aluminum, copper and lead.
Term
What is brass?
Definition
an of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and zinc.
Term
What is galvanic action?
Definition
occurs between two dissimilar metals when enough moisture is present for electric current to flow. This electric current will tend to corrode one metal while plating the other.
Term
The more water used in a portland cement concrete mixture, the lower will be the __________ strength of the resulting mix.
Definition
compressive
Term
An asphalt concrete mixture that may be spread and compacted at normal air temperature is called?
Definition
cold-mix asphalt.
Term
The portland cement mortar that should NOT be specified for use in exterior locations exposed to freezing temperatures is?
Definition
Type O.
Term
An application of emulsified asphalt that is used to provide a bond between two asphalt concrete courses is called?
Definition
A tack coat.
Term
The test used to measure the consistency between batches of portland cement concrete is the
Definition
Slump test
Term
Adding water to a mortar mix improves its ?
Definition
tensile bond strength
Term
Which admixture might be added to a portland cement concrete mixture when it is being poured for an exposed aggregate walkway on a hot day?
Definition
a retardant.
Term
What is the common size for a mortar joint for masonry walls when using a standard module brick?
Definition
3/8"
Term
An application of a cutback asphalt to an aggregate base course to prepare the base for subsequent courses of asphalt concrete paving is termed a ______ coat.
Definition
Prime
Term
A brick masonry patter in which every other brick in the wall is a header is termed?
Definition
Flemish bond
Term
What is a wythe?
Definition
a continuous section of masonry that is one unit in thickness.
Term
What is a structural bond?
Definition
a masonry pattern in which the individual units or wythes are interlocked to cause the entire assembly to function as single structural unit.
Term
What is the term for a piece of brick?
Definition
a bat.
Term
A material used to bond steel rebars to concrete block in a retaining wall is?
Definition
Grout
Term
Edge restraints are required for pavements set up what kind of base course?
Definition
Flexible.
Term
What are the three methods by which a retaining wall can fail?
Definition
sliding
overturning
crushing
*Resistive forces need to be greater than applied forces
Term
List the four items that should always be addressed on a construction detail.
Definition
Materials, finishes, fasteners and dimensions
Term
What CSI divisions are used for earthwork and exterior improvement?
Definition
31 and 32
Term
What is the purpose of curing concrete?
Definition
to allow hydration to continue.
Term
True or False? typically grouts are high in tensile strength, but low in compressive strength.
Definition
True
Term
Six courses of standard module brick = inches in height?
Definition
16"
Term
What type of concrete block is most commonly used for landscape applications?
Definition
Hollow load bearing concrete block
Term
How do you calculate board feet?
Definition
(# of pieces)x(width in inches)x(height in inches)x(length in feet)/(all divided by 12)
Term
[image]
Definition
brick bat terms
Term
[image]
Definition
brick bonds
Term
[image]
Definition
Header brick
Term
[image]
Definition
stretcher brick
Term
[image]
Definition
Shiner brick
Term
[image]
Definition
Soldier brick
Term
[image]
Definition
Rowlock
Term
[image]
Definition
Sailor Brick
Term
[image]
Definition
rowlock header and stretcher
Term
[image]
Definition
standard brick dimensions
Term
[image]
Definition
engineer brick dimensions
Term
[image]
Definition
English bond
Term
[image]
Definition
Flemish Bond
Term
[image]
Definition
collar joint in wall
Term
[image]
Definition
wall joints
Term
What are the 5 types of portland cement?
Definition
Type I: normal general purpose, usually provided unless otherwise specified
Type II: moderate sulfate resistance
Type III: high early strength
Type IV: low heat of hydration
Type V: high sulfate resistance
Term
How is compressive strength of concrete measured?
Definition
in psi after 28 days of curing
Term
What is the tip psi specified for concrete?
Definition
3000-5000 psi
Term
What is the most common grade of rebar used in landscape construction?
Definition
Grade 40: 40,000psi
Grade 50: 50,000psi min strength
Term
How is welded wire mesh specified?
Definition
first # is longitudinal spacing, second # is transverse spacing, third # is wire size (gauge)
e.g. 6"x6" #10 WWM
***The higher the gauge the thinner the wire!!!!!!
Term
What is cutback asphalt?
Definition
Asphalt cement which has been liquified by blending with petroleum solvents. Upon exposure to the atmosphere, the solvents evaporate, leaving the asphalt cement to perform its function of cementing and waterproofing. There are 4 types.
Term
What are the 4 types of cutback asphalt?
Definition
Rapid Curing (RC)- asphalt cement and a naptha or gasoline type solvent of high volatility
Medium Curing (MC)- Asphalt cement and a kerosene type solvent of medium volatility
Slow Curing (SC)- Asphalt cement and an oil of low volatility
Road Oil- a heavy petroleum oil, very slow curing
Term
What is the purpose of cutback asphalt?
Definition
Like emulsions, cutbacks are used because they reduce asphalt viscosity for lower temperature uses (tack coats, fog seals, slurry seals, stabilization material). Similar to emulsified asphalts, after a cutback asphalt is applied the petroleum solvent evaporates leaving behind asphalt cement residue on the surface to which it was applied. A cutback asphalt is said to “cure” as the petroleum solvent evaporates away. The use of cutback asphalts is decreasing because of (Roberts et al., 1996[1]):

Environmental regulations. Cutback asphalts contain volatile chemicals that evaporate into the atmosphere. Emulsified asphalts evaporate water into the atmosphere.
Loss of high energy products. The petroleum solvents used require higher amounts of energy to manufacture and are expensive compared to the water and emulsifying agents used in emulsified asphalts.
In many places, cutback asphalt use is restricted to patching materials for use in cold weather.
Term
What is a tack coat?
Definition
A light application of an emulsified asphalt used to ensure a bond between two asphalt pavement courses.
Term
What is emulsified asphalt?
Definition
An emulsion of asphalt cement and water. When applied, the water evaporates, leaving the asphalt to perform it's function.
Term
What is a prime coat?
Definition
An application of low viscosity cutback asphalt to an absorbent surface such as crushed stone or gravel. It is used to prepare the base course for an asphalt pavement. The asphalt penetrates into the base, plugs the voids, hardens the top and helps bind the base material to the overlying asphalt pavement.
Term
What is the max depth of an asphalt lift?
Definition
lift=layer. usually 4-6"
Term
What is the difference between Primer Meridian, Baseline and Principal Meridian?
Definition
Prime Meridians are north-south lines (lines of longitude), at which longitude is defined to be 0°. The Prime Meridian starts at the North Pole and extends south to the South Pole. Baselines are lines that extend east-west. Principal meridians are the true north-south lines that run through the initial point of the area that is being covered.
http://www.landsurveyors.com/resources/land-surveying-measurement/
Term
What is the surveying definition of a township?
Definition
Each 24-mile tract is divided up into 16 townships. Townships are roughly 6 miles x 6 miles. each township is now divided into 36 sections, a piece of land roughly 1 square mile x 1 square mile, or approximately 640 acres. This process is also used in defining corners and running lines from the southeast corner of the township. Each of the 36 sections is then divided into 16 forties. These forties are further subdivided, and subdivided, and subdivided.
Term
How many acres is a square mile?
Definition
640
Term
What is a geodetic survey?
Definition
Geodetic surveys are very precise and cover large areas.These require the curvature of the earth to be taken into consideration and require additional land survey techniques such as triangulation, trilateration and astronomical direction fixing.
Term
What is a plane survey?
Definition
Plane surveys consider the surface of the Earth to be a flat plane, and curvature is not taken into consideration. Techniques for plane surveys include plane trigonometry and plane geometry. These types of land survey techniques are only used in small areas.
Term
What are the 5 fundamental land surveying techniques?
Definition
triangulation
trilateration
traverse
leveling
radiation
Term
What are the three functions of a precast pavement base course?
Definition
1. support the expected traffic load
2. provide drainage
3. provide ground swell protection
Term
What are the 3 types of bases used for precast pavers?
Definition
Rigid
semi-flexible
flexible
Term
What is a rigid base?
Definition
usually for pavements that will support heavy vehicular traffic. The consist of a prepared sub grade on which a portland cement concrete slab is installed.
Term
What is a semi-flexible base?
Definition
a base course consisting of one or more courses of an asphalt based paving material. suitable for ped and vehicular use depending on depth of the base.
Term
What is a flexible base?
Definition
one or more layers of crushed stone or gravel over a well compacted sub grade. Flexible bases are usually less expensive and easier to install. vehicular of ped traffic depending on depth.
Term
What are the three types of setting beds?
Definition
1. rigid: mortar or grout used to bond the pavers to the base course. Type M mortar usually used for exterior pavements because of its high compressive strength and durability. 1/2-2" deep. Only use over rigid bases to prevent cracking.
2. semi-flexible: mixture of asphalt cement and sand. May be used over either rigid or semi-flexible beds. Tack coat on top of asphalt layer under pavers
3.flexible: 1-2 inch depth of bedding sand or stone dust. may be used over any base course system, but only used with a flexible jointing system.
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