• warmer air overlies colder air.
• results at night from rapid heat loss by reradiation from the ground surface and bottom air layer upward into spaces
• calm air and clear skies favor its development
• turbulence or unsettled conditions prevent its occurance.

1. The convergence of daily sea breezes begin shortly after sunrise and peak in mid-afternoon.
2. rapid development of urban heat islands, which in turn cause pockets of strong local convergence.
3. the high angle of the sun during the summer months, heating the light sandy soils between the ridges, reradiating the heat to the adjacent air, providing an optimum environment for early morning sea breezes
4. the high humidity during the summer months supplies moisture, keeps the temperature high day and night and provides a contrast between the warm night air and the cool ocean air off the east coast.
5. the orientation of Tampa Bay allows breezes to blow from a Southwesterly direction with little friction before entering the urbanized area of the city of Tampa.

• subsidence of air from higher to lower altitudes
• Azores-Bermuda high pressure system moves too far west of its normal position and forms a high pressure system over the area just to the norht of Florida.

1. surface erosion by running water

2. solution action by ground water

3. the weathering caused by winds, waves, and ocean currents

4. Sea level fluctuations

• Lime-sink district
• Lake district

• deforestation
• manipulation and movement of earth and soil,
• changes in the water regimes of streams
• lakes and seashore
• the geology of the state.

• Roots and trunks resist and prevent shoreline erosion
• Stabilize shorelines
• Provide an incubation and breeding environment for fish important to Florida's seafood and fishing industry
• Assist in maintaining and improving the quality of coastal waters
• Protect homes from severe wind damage
• Provide food and habitat for the marine food chain

• characterized by arching prop roots
• tend to grow closest to the water
• stabilize the shifting substrate of shorelines
• most susceptible of the mangroves to damage from severe trimming

• most tolerant of trimming, including hedging
• generally do not tolerate the same extent of flooding that black and red mangroves do
• do not have supporting prop roots or propagules
• leaves are light green on the top and the bottom and notched in the tip

• Tolerate salt and fresh water root
• in wet sand can grow where they must stand in shallow water for some time after rains
• succomb only to long standing or permanent water

• grow in water
• are rooted at depths of 5' to 15' sometimes even 20'
• and their topmost tissues don't reach the surface.

• located on deep sandy ridges of the Central Highlands
• trees that do not reach full growth because of a lack of sunlight
• deficiency of water or infertile soil
• scrub oak trees have replaced pine cut by lumbermen during the past half century

•  occur only in South Florida
• forms in marsy areas where limestone is near the surface
• derived from periphyton,masses of algae and other minute organisms
• while growing underwater the algae take up calcium carbonate; then when the water level drops, they dry up and form a crumbly, highly alkaline, thin soil that resembles fine gray or white mud.