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LARE FINAL - RUDY
GRADING
68
Architecture
Not Applicable
04/06/2014

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Term
Ridge
Definition
Contours point like a narrow-head in down-hill direction
Term
Swale
Definition
Contours points like an arrowhead in up-hill direction
Term
How are existing contours represented?
Definition
Dashed lines
Term
How are proposed contours represented?
Definition
Solid lines
Term
Saddles
Definition
Points where valleys cross ridge lines - e.g HPS
Term
Critical gradients
Definition
  • 0.5% absolute minimum for draining water
  • 1% Workable minimum for grading paving material. Useful as a drainage pitch on tops of walls and step treads. OK for a cross slope.
  • 2% Generally recommended gradient for most surfaces
  • 3% Gradient at which slope becomes obvious to the human eye. Maximum gradient for road intersections.
  • 5% Maximum slope allowed for universal access without ramp
  • 8.33% Maximum longitudinal gradient allowed for accessible ramps
  • 10% Acceptable for pathways which do not have to meet ADA requirements
  • 33% Recommended maximum gradients for lawns maintained with gang mowers
  • 50% maximum gradient for cut or fill slopes. At or flatter than angle of repose for most common soils.
Term
Grading techniques
Definition
  • With buildings, keep the finish floor elevation at least six inches above finsih grade at the outside preimeter of building
  • Swale side slopes should generally be no steeper than 3:1
  • Centerline of swale located ten feet from the building
  • H.P.S. is six inches below finish grade outside of building
  • Swale longitudinal slopes are ideally 2%
  • Avoid grading within dripline of trees
Term
What are the effects of urbanization on storm water systems?
Definition
Pervious surfaces converted to impervious or less pervious surfaces. Runoff increases and infiltration decreases. Flow paths are shortened as naturla channels are straightened or replaced by pipes.
Term
Typical Storm System Components
Definition
  1. Foundation Drain
  2. Drain line from rainwater leaders
  3. Roof gutter
  4. Solid pipe to city catch basin
  5. Catch basin in street
  6. Drain inlet
  7. Trench drain
  8. Cistern for rainwater capture
  9. Connection of roof drain to foundation drain
Term
What units are used to represent water runoff
Definition
CFS: Cubic Feet of Water per Second
Term
Rational Method for calculating Stormwater Runoff
Definition

Q = CIA

  • Q is peak discharge in cfs
  • C is the composite runoff coefficient of the watershed
  • I is the rainfall intensity for the design storm chosen in inches per hour
  • A is the watershed area in Acres
Term
Storm Drain Pipe Sizes
Definition
  • Pipes 2" or 3" smallest
  • 4" - 12" made in 2" increments
  • 12" to 24" made in 3" increments
  • 24" and above made in 6" increments
Term
General Drainage Rules
Definition
  1. Water should not drain towards buildings
  2. Concentrated runoff should not be directed across property lines
  3. Use swales to divert water from structures or areas to be protected
  4. 12" minimum cover over any drain pipe
  5. Avoid setting underground pipes excessively deep
  6. Drop invert of downstream pipe at least 0.1 ft below the invert of the lowest upstream pipe
  7. Sanitary sewers need to be located below water or storm drainge pipes
Term
What are the five types of foundations?
Definition
  1. Slab on Grade
  2. Pier and Grade Beam
  3. Spread or Strip Footings with Crawwl Spaces
  4. Spread fFootings with Basements
  5. Pole Foundations
Term
What is the simplest and cheapest building foundation?
Definition

Slab on grade.

Consists of reinforced concrete slab several inches thick placed over a vapor barier, over one inch thick sand layer, sand several inches of compacted granular fill. Not appropriate for sites with moderate slopes.

Term
When are guardrails needed?
Definition
on retaining walls where differences in grade level on either side of the wall are in excess of 2.5' and are located closer than 3' to a walk, path, parking lot or driveway on the high side
Term
MIN HEIGHT OF GUARDRAILS
Definition

42 inches

measured vertically from the leading edge of the stair tread or adjacent walking surface

Term
50% of all public entrances must be accessible
Definition
True
Term
MIN clear width of accessible root
Definition
3'
Term
MAX cross slope along accessible route
Definition
2%
Term
MAX slope of curb ramp
Definition
1:12 or 8.33%
Term
MIN width of curb ramp
Definition
3'
Term
Ramp
Definition
Slope: 5% - 8.33%
Term

Maximum rise for ramp

Maximum run  for ramp

Definition

2.5' rise

30' run

Term
Ramp Landing Slope
Definition
No more than 2% in ANY direction
Term
Landing Dimensions
Definition

At least twice as wide as ramp run leading to it

Landing length shall be a min of 5' clear

Term
When does a ramp need handrails?
Definition
If rise greater than 6" or run is greater than 6'
Term
Handrails shall extend at least ___ beyond the top and bottom of the ramp.
Definition
12"
Term

Riser height range

Tread depth range

Definition

Riser: 4" - 7" height

Tread: 12" - 18" depth 

Term
Tread Riser Ration Equation
Definition
(2 X Tread) + (1 X Riser) = 26
Term
Tread Wash (Slope)
Definition
2% from back to front to allow for drainage
Term
Steps over ___ in width shall have continuous handrails on both sides.
Definition
42"
Term
All portions of required with of stairs are within ___ of a handrail
Definition
2.5'
Term
Hand Rails Extensions
Definition
12" beyond the top and 12" plus one tread width beyond the bottom of the steps
Term
Contour Offset Formula
Definition

Contour Offset = 

 

Cross Slope X Width


Longitudinal Slope

Term
How wide should the top of Dam be?
Definition
10 feet.
Term
What is the max and min longitudinal slope on a Ramp landing
Definition
1.4% longitudinal and 1.4% cross to give a maximum slope of 1.98% (diagonally)
Term
Wetland
Definition
Have a soil that is at least periodically saturated or covered with water. They contain plants that can tolerate such conditions. Often contain hydrophylic plants (water loving) due to presence of hydric soils.
Term
What are the three aspects of wetlands mitigation that apply to construction documentation?
Definition
  1. A monitoring and maintenacne plan
  2. A contingency plan - executed when monitoring indicates that the mitigations are failing to meet performance standards
  3. A guarantee that the work will be performed as planned and approved. 
Term
Freeboard
Definition
The additional height of a structure above design high water level to prevent overflow. Also, the vertical distance between the water level and top of structure.
Term
Impacts to Watershed due to Urbanization
Definition
  1. Peak flows increase due to increased runoff
  2. Volume of runoff increases due to increased runoff
  3. Time to peak decreases due to smoother watershed surfaces
  4. Channel erosion increases
  5. Flood high water levels and frequency of flooding increase
  6. Channel flows become more erratic, with adverse impacts on habitat
Term
Effects of urbanization on streams
Definition
  • Increased channel erosion - the channel tries to widen and deepen itself in order to accommodate additional runoff. This requires armoring the banks and bottom of channel to protect adjacent structures.
  • Increased flood levels and frequency of flooding
  • More erratic flows: higher floods and lower baseflow (less water able to recharge water table due to less pervious surfaces in watershad)
  • Nutrient loading may cause algae blooms, kill organisms etc.
Term
Sedimentation Controls
Definition
Silt ponds and basins, Sediment Traps, Silt fences, Hay Bales
Term
Erosion Controls
Definition
Vegetated swales, Jute netting, Matting, Planting deep rooted vegetation on slopes, Channel lining, Biotechinical stabilization
Term
Detention Pond vs. Retention Pond
Definition

Detention Pond: No volume control, peak discharge control only. 

 

Retention Pond: Both volume and peak discharge control. Must attempt to get water to infiltrate into the ground. More storage usually necessary and for a longer duration than detention system.

Term
Retention Devices
Definition
  • Retention ponds
  • French drains: Gravel filled trenches
  • Leaching catch basins
  • Drain fields: Like a septic tank, perforated pipes in gravel filled ditches.
  • Porous paving
Term
Tree Staking Method
Definition
Stakes perpendicular to prevailing wind. Rootball 1" above finished grade. Mulch 2" MIN depth and 6" away from trunk.
Term
Tree Guying method
Definition
3 Guys over lowest branch. Guy stake driven into firm soil 30-45 degrees to the ground.
Term
When should concrete be poured after adding water?
Definition
Within 90 Minutes
Term
Temperature range for Concrete Curing
Definition
Between 50 and 85 degrees farenheit
Term
Slump Test
Definition
Most common method of testing concrete for suitability of mix. Concrete placed in slump cone made of metal with 4" top opening and 8" Bottom hole.
Term
Slump Test Method
Definition
Cone filled with concrete in three layers of equal volume - Each layer is rodded 25 times with steel tamping rod - top layer is smoothed and cone lifted vertically of concrete - amount of slump is measured
Term
Test to determine concrete compressive strength
Definition
Cylinder test
Term
When is design strength for concrete achieved
Definition
After 25 days
Term
Concrete reaches _______ of its 28 day strength at _____ days
Definition
Concrete reaches 70-80% of its 28 day strength at 7 days
Term
Expected normal strength of concrete
Definition
3000-3500 PSI
Term
Expansion Joint (Isolation Joint)
Definition
Separates or isolates slabs from other parts of the structure, such as walls, footings, or columns
Term
Expansion joints fill
Definition
Compressible filler, an elastomeric sealant to seal the joint against moisture intrusion and compressible rope-like material to separate sealant from the filler.
Term
Construction Joint (Cold joint)
Definition
Used where installation work is suspended for more than 30 minutes. May be tooled to resemble control joints.
Term
Score Joint
Definition
Score lines 1/4 depth of slab placed into slab surface to prevent cracks caused by concrete shrinking when it cures. Usually installed with a concrete saw after the concrete gets hard or a jointing tool while the concrete is still fresh
Term
Head joint
Definition
Vertical mortar joints between ends of masonry units
Term
Expansion Bolt
Definition
Used when mounting to surface of existing concrete. Hole is drilled, then expansion bolt assembly is inserted. Buolt system can use epoxy capsule or metal insert.
Term
Anchor Bolt
Definition
Generic term applies to a bolt embedded in wet poured concrete
Term
J Bolt
Definition
Anchor bolt with a "j' or 'L' shaped hook. Prevents pullout under extreme force
Term
Cavity Wall Tie
Definition
Metal anchors for attaching masonry veneer to a CMU block core bridging an air gap.
Term
Snap Tie
Definition
used for concrete framework
Term
Z-anchor:
Definition
Used for attaching Stone veneer panels to concrete walls.
Term
Layers of a Green Roof
Definition
        1. Growing Medium
        2. Filter Membrane
        3. Drainage layer
        4. Root barrier
        5. Protection Board
        6. Insulation
        7. Waterproofing Membrane
        8. Roof of Building
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