1. Language as constitutive (Internal)
2. Language as Communicative (External)

Creates everyhting in our universe; language as a creator

1. Subjective/identity: we become via language
2. Social relationships: Determines how and with whom we create relationships with
3. System of knowledge and belief: Constructs a system of understanding (Christian)

Method of expression, literary style, vocabulary and way of using it

1. Reflectionist theory: Reflection of reality, defining social, economic, ethnic (etc) boundaries Tu/Vous
2. Instrumental Theory: tool used to affect social ends, to produce social status Resonse of tu to Vous
   

Non Verbal Communication (metamessage)

*every verbal communication has a metamessage*

1. Body Modification: Clothing, ornamentation, somatic body modification (tattoos, piercing, etc)
2. Use of microspace:

• Proxemics: how we conciously manipulatte space (fixed, semi-fixed or dynamic spatial features)
• Kinesics: How we use gestures

ODADSP

• Openess: creativity, making endless message
• Displacement: Talking about something not present
• Arbitrariness: no set relation between words+meaning
• Duality of patterning:

1)Phoneme: smallest unit of sound

2) Morpheme: smallest unit of meaning

• Semanticity: Meaning
• Prevarication: ability to use grammatically correct sentences with false or no meaning (lying)

The Study of classification systems in given domains that organise people`s knowledge of their universe. Implies that all cultures are systematic and classify and categorise the world as they see it.

• Tells us what exists and what is relevant
• How or what is important and defined, what are relevant features
• Tells us about relevant contrasts in relation to other things

Form of language and thought that asserts meaningful link between two expressions from different semantic domains; linking two dissimilar things.

made up of:

Predicate: part that suggests familiar domain (clarifies subject)

Entailments: the attributes of the predicate which clarify the subject (relate it to the culturally defined domain)

Subject: Suggest the unfamiliar object to be clarified

1. They create ambiguity and need to be understood in cultural context
2. Usually, one of the linkages is more familiar than the other
3. They have the power to create

KOST

1. Kinship: extends kin titles to others ie, `godfather`
2. Organic: Extends animate qualities to innanimate objects `chair leg, heart of city, ipod skin`
3. Societal: Uses social orders to show how the universe works (projects a symbol onto the universe) `hierarchy of religion onto society and visa versa`
4. Technological: Uses tech to compare `I am a bit rusty`

Language and thought are intrinsically connected

STRONG HYPOTHESIS: Language determines culture

WEAK HYPOTHESIS: language influences culture

The often tacit knowledge structure necessary for understanding and performing language... speaking.

Components of:

Phonological Competence: To decipher and use sound

Lexical Competence: Recognise and use vocabulary

Grammatical Competence: Recognise and use structure

Discourse Competence: Organise elements above onto meaningful structures.

1. based on inate human developmental process (hard wired) *critical age hypothesis*
2. Language acquisition follows a universal sequence
3. Language acquisition is linked to abstract thought (we learn to express abstract thought as we grow) 

The sometimes tacit knowledge of social and cultural rules for the understanding and performance of language, ie speaking in a culturally meaningful way

Frames of language, norms of behaviour, and social interaction

Bonvillain outlines:

• Competent expression of intention
• assrtion of rights
• response to others`rights
• undrstanding and responding correctly to social distinctions

1. Language is a central dimension of socialization

Children are socialized by language

Children socialize through language

2. Socialization involves agency of all the participants

3.  Socialixation happens thoughout life and in all contexts

*essentially links linguistic and communicative competence*

Examples from Bonvillain: food preference ``eat your veggies if you want dessert`` dinner talk=lesson in hierarchy of age and gender 

1. Speech community: people who share the same rules and frames for interpreting metamessages
2. Speech situation: instance of talking or non talking ie, dinner, meeting, crackhouse
3. Speech event: beginning and ending norms ie dinner conversation, religious service
4. Communicative-speech acts: Smaller usage if words, the individual accomplishments of utterances (pass the salt)
5. communicative style: Characteristic way of speaking (loud, hand talker, etc)
6. ways of speaking: Speech in particular context (Church vs. Dinner table)

SPEAKING:

Situation: Time + place

Participants: Who, what is the relationship (speaker, listener, audience)

End: Reason+Goals

Act Sequence: Sequence of events, who begins, ends continues

Key: Mood or tone

Instrument: Channel of speech

Norms: Rules about speech, whispering, pauses, etc.

Genre: different types (prayer, small talk)

1. Temporality: Chronological order
2. Meaningful: to the speaker
3. Reportability: to the listener
4. Significance: point
5. Credibility: Must be believable

1. Occurs across all cultures, we reflect on our actions in retrospect ``framing``the event
2. Events are told with a temporal orderliness, having a causal relationship
3. The events tend to be unexpected and problematic, giving significance to them
4. Narrating personal experience consists of two practices: A) plot is consistent and coherent B) raises ambiguity (no answer)
5. We tell stories to explain who we are, to figure out a relationship to the narrative

Focus on documenting how people manage concerted activity by constantly informing and conforming each other to whatever it is that has to happen. Examining the ``so what``, things we take for granted

Patterned, yet improvised

1. Openings: technical (social acomplishment), shows how relations are established

         i) Adjacent pairs: Sets of linked talk, "how are you?" requireds a response

      ii) Ratification of topic: What is the purpose of the conversation? It must be ratified to continue

2.  Cohesion:

i) Back Channel talk: ongoing ratification, co-productions of the speakers right to speak

ii) Turn taking: Tag questions, pauses, silence, invites the listener to speak

    iii) Repair mechanisms: Get's the conversation back on topic (higher status usually gets to do this)

   iv) Repetition: Signals that the listener is listening and ratifies the topic, establishes co-participation in a conversation

            v) Punning: It is often unconscious, serves to ratify and also ensure that the listener is listening (creates co-membership)

 3. Closings: Closings also have a beginning, middle and an end

Statements which imply needs from the other person 

• Sincere and reasonable
• Stated in different ways depending on the context and the interlocutors
• Lower status people will tend to use directives in less direct ways (hinting)

• About dealing with FTA's (Face Threatening Acts)
• Respect and Freedom to do what you want are the goals
• Handled differently depending on context and the status of the interlocutors, Lower status tend to use politness more often

Positive Politeness: Approved, co-membership

Negative Politeness: Tries to avoid being a bother

Bald: no politeness