What is the rule system called that communicators share that allows for the understanding of a message?

What is the minimal meaningful unit of language called?

How many morphemes are in the sentence, “What do dogs eat?”

What are 3 ways of looking at language?

In reference to language, what are grammar, syntax and morphology referring to?

In reference to language, what are vocabulary and semantics referring to?

In reference to language, what are pragmatics and language functions referring to?

Language can be looked at for its

form (grammar, syntax, morphology),

content (vocabulary, meanings conveyed/semantics)

use (function/pragmatics)

What are the 4 aspects of speech communication?

What is another word for fluency?

What is another word for articulation?

What are the 3 paramaters of voice?

What is another way to say, “social use of language”?

Fluency (stuttering), articulation/phonology (speech sounds), voice (pitch, loudness and quality), and pragmatics (social use of language) are all a part of speech communication.

Name two receptive language activities.

Name two expressive language activities.

Vocal affects: pitch, loudness, quality

Prosodic features: rate, rhythm, melody, stress, intonation, and pace

Text/graphic features:  (anything you do to your writing to emphasize or deemphasize text).

Gestural features: intensity of gestures, speed, dimension of movement

Non-linguistic affects: Facial expression, eye contact, body language, gestures, proxemics (interpersonal space)

Where are Broca’s and Wernike’s areas in the brain?

Broca’s area (speech production) is in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere of the brain.  Wernike’s (language comprehension) is in the temporal lobe.

In reference to brain/body function, what does the word, “contralateral” mean?

What are the 4 processes taking place in the speech mechanism?

Is visual tracking also a fine-motor act?

What are 4 of the sensory modalities?

What part of the body contains the vocal folds?

What are the vocal fold responsible for?

State what happens to sound energy from the outer ear to the Auditory nerve.

Anatomy and physiology of the ear: outer (sound energy enters), middle ear (mechanical energy is transmitted to inner ear), inner ear (mechanical energy is changed to electrochemical energy) so Auditory Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII) can take info to the brain

What does the author say is the primary avenue for emotional communication?  When is the best opportunity for it in early infancy?

Motherese: the alternation or style shifting caregivers do when talking to infants (lots of EXTRALINGUISTIC adjustment: prosodic changes, exaggerate facial expression, as well as shortening of utterances)  also singing, rhyming, adjusting volume

Which type of gaze mimics eye contact during conversation?

Which type of gaze allows for joint referencing and is diagnostic for autism?

Mutual gaze is first and is just staring at each other.

Gaze coupling is next, alternations of looking at each other and something else (like in conversation)

 Deictic gaze, babies or caregivers point with their eyes and the other follows the line of site, allows for joint reference.

How does the number of words a child hears affect his intellect and academic achievement?

Name a typical positive reinforcer.

Describe a situation where negative reinforcement could be used to increase a desired behavior.

Tell the difference between Type 1 and Type 11 punishment.

Define “shaping” in your own words.

Define “extinguishing” in your own words.

The author believes that the natural consequence of attention is the most powerful ___________________.

Positive reinforcement: adding something desired to get the response (high five, verbal praise, computer time, etc…)

                Negative reinforcement: taking away something aversive (“BAD” IN THE CHILD’S MIND) to get the response (Ex: Child screaming in the gym due to noise level causing teacher to remove child to quiet environment which results in “normal” behavior.) (Feeding obviously hungry child who was too distracted to do school work.)

                Type 1 punishment: adding something aversive (time out, “no”, withdrawal of interaction, “move your clip,                  move your card”, etc...)

                Type 11 punishment: taking away something desired (erasing PARTY letters, removing child from activity,                                    removing activity from child, no recess, can’t sit by friend, etc…)

                Natural consequences can be reinforcers or punishers.  The author believes that the most powerful reinforcer is the natural consequence of attention!!

                Extinguishing: Reducing or eliminating a behavior by removing the reinforce(s) for it

          In language, the generally arbitrary symbols we use (example: f.r.o.g.  to represent the amphibian) have meaning for us because

a.    we understand and use the word in a systematic and conventional way as a part of our language code

b.    we encode the word

c.    we have communicative competence

d.    we use appropriate syntax, semantics, and morphology

            Phonology is the study of the speech sounds of a language.  Developing phonological awareness during preschool years (or later if necessary) is important because

a.    students need to perceive speech sounds to fully decode messages

b.    phonological awareness is a prerequisite for early literacy skills

c.    rhyming words is an activity which focuses on phonological awareness

d.    all of the above

      A dialect

a.    is not a speech or language disorder

b.    is a distinct, consistent or systematic variation of a major language

c.    occurs in an identifiable subgroup

d.    all of the above

        A distinctive feature shared by s, z, and sh is

a.    they are all long sounds that continue the air flow during production

b.    they are all bilabials

c.    they all short sounds that stop the airflow during production

                  d.  they are all nasals

A 9-year-old, right-handed child experienced significant damage to the LEFT hemisphere of his brain in a 4 wheeler accident. He is experiencing

a. weakness on the RIGHT side of his body affecting gross and fine-motor skills including writing

b. drooping on the LEFT side of his face which affects his speech and sometime results in drooling

c. trouble with both language comprehension and expression

d. both a and c

A 5 year old child with spastic cerebral palsy has generalized motor impairment throughout the speech mechanism related to his medical diagnosis.  You may expect problems related to these aspects:

          a. reception and expression

          b. morphology, syntax and semantics

          c. encoding and decoding

          d. respiration, phonation, resonance and articulation

A child with early, persistent middle ear infections may experience speech and language developmental delays because

a. the heavy fluid in the middle ear decreases the vibration of the ossicles as they transmit sound information to the inner ear

b. middle ear infections impair hearing of low frequency speech sounds which include vowels

c. the child has to readjust his perceptions with every cycle of wellness-infection

d. all of the above

Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) is used extensively with autistic students.  It is based on

          a. Skinner’s verbal behavior theories and the operant conditioning model

          b. The classical conditioning model based on Pavlov’s initial studies

          c. Motherese and the attachment model

          d. Reflexive avoidance

A 6th grade MoiD child who has had multiple medical experiences gets anxious and upset every time she has to go to the nurse’s office, even if it’s just for a hearing test.  She also had to take music again instead of science lab because the science lab teacher, Mr. Carpenter, wears his lab coat.  What is likely the cause of her behavior?

 a. Through classical conditioning, she has learned to associate anyone in a lab coat or nurse’s uniform with a negative experience. 

 b. Through operant conditioning, she has learned to stay away from certain people and situations.

 c. Through classical conditioning, she experiences uncomfortable feelings inside that she can’t control when she sees anything related to doctors and doctors’ offices.

 d. both a and c

One of the early diagnostic indicators of autism in toddlers is the inability to establish joint reference.  An example of this is:

          a. The child won’t imitate speech sounds.

          b. The child doesn’t turn his head in the direction of a “new” sound in the environment.

          c. The child doesn’t follow the line of sight when an adult looks at an object nearby.

          d. The child doesn’t imitate hand clapping.

Attachment to a primary caregiver lays the foundation for speech and language development because

a. infants learn to communicate their needs to a caregiver; to operate on another person with sounds

b. infants engage in social interaction with caregivers as a precursor to communicative interaction

c. it allows for joint attention which is important socially and linguistically

d. all of the above

Assign the following theorists to the terms below:  Skinner, Chomsky, Bruner, Vygotsky, Piaget

Nativism                   Theory of Cognitive Development

Russian, died young                             Behaviorism                   

Father of Modern Linguistics

             Constructivist Theory            Scaffolding                            

Zone of Proximal Development      Operant Conditioning                              Transformational Grammar  

Cognitive Determinism   Language Acquisition Device    

• Skinner: Behaviorism, Operant Conditioning
• Chomsky: Natavism, Father of Modern Linguistics, Transformational  Grammar, Language Acquisition Device

• Vytosky: Zone of Proximal Development, Russian, died young
• Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development, Cognitive Determinism
• Bruner: Scaffolding, Constructivist Theory

When a teacher plans instruction with the understanding of the student’s prior knowledge in order to provide support for skills at the student’s emergent level (his current “sweet spot”), he is applying the theory known as

a.   The Social Development Index

b.   The Zone of Proximal Development

c.    Cognitive Determinism

d.   Transformational Grammar

Contributors in the 1960 and ‘70s (Michael Halliday, John Austin, John Dore, John Searle) began to concentrate on pragmatic language.  They were interested in answering the question, “What do we use language for?” Which of the following represents language functions the contributors identified?

a.   interactional (use language to form relationships), heuristic (use language to gain knowledge)

b.   persuading, warning, challenging

c.   answering, repeating, requesting, protesting

d.   all of the above