Term
| What is the hierarchy of words in neurolinguistics? |
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Definition
Phoneme -> Speech Sounds
Morpheme -> meanings (un-like-able, 3 morphemes)
Words
Phrases
Sentences
Discourse |
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Term
| What is neurolinguistics? |
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Definition
| The study of the neural mechanisms underlying comprehension, production, and acquisition of language |
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Term
| Why is animal communication not language? |
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Definition
Very finite number of displays
No internal structure
Innate |
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Term
| What are the defining characteristics of language? |
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Definition
Arbitrariness of the sign
Infinite use of finite media
Combinatorial
Hierarchical
All humans have it! No device or animal that we know about does |
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Term
| What are some special problems with learning a language? |
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Definition
Induction problem -> Finite set of input, must create grammar from it, but any grammar can be done from an infinite set of input
Nearly no negative evidence: All input is grammatical |
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Term
| What are the universal milestones of language acquisition? |
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Definition
6 months ->babbling
12-18 months ->1 word
18-24 months -> 2 words
Works even when there is inconsistent input. |
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Term
| What happens to language if there is a stroke in a child? |
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Definition
| No clear detection of deficits in a child. |
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Term
| What happens to language if a child has a left hemispherectomy? |
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Definition
| Near-equal to normal kids. After 9, almost always permanent language damage |
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Term
| How do we study language in the brain? |
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Definition
Lesions, Functional recordings, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, cell recordings
difficult because there is no animal model! |
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Term
| What is some of the evidence that indicates there is left lateralization of language processing? |
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Definition
Planum Temporale much larger on LH instead of RH
Split Brain patients
WADA test anesthetize Left Hemisphere : No Talking
Newborns Like forward speech in LH |
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Term
| What is broca's aphasia caused by? What are the symptoms? |
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Definition
left anterior damage to inferior frontal gyrus
Difficulty producing words, word-finding |
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Term
| What is Wernike's Aphasia Caused by? What are its symptoms? |
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Definition
Damage to Left Parietal/temporal region, near superior middle temporal gyrus
Fluent speech, but nonsense, poor comprehension |
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Term
| How is Wernike's area connected to Broca's Area? What is the model for this circuit called? What does it do? |
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Definition
By the arcuate Fasciulus.
Geschwind model
Primary auditory cortex -> Wernike (comprehension) -> Arcuate Fasciulus -> Broca (production) |
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Term
| What are some shortcomings of the Geschwind model? |
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Definition
Damage to either area can cause comprehension deficits, more complicated than the simple explanation, lesions aren't well localized, language network is involved in processing music
Aphasia in bilinguals doesn't affect each language equally!
Any experiment, if appropriately designed, will activate Broca's area |
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Term
| What is the Lateral Inferior Frontal Gyrus also called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Left inferior frontal gyrus do? |
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Definition
We don't really know. Working memory, syntax, cognitive control are all possible.
Maybe it's a syntax organ that organizes and analyzes sentences |
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Term
| What is the mapping problem for neurolinguistics? |
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Definition
We map about where things happen, but not why or how.
We have no linking hypothesis. No reductionism representation of language. |
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