Term
| A System of Communication is Marked By: |
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Definition
1. Productivity (create new utterances)
2. Semanticity (language represents ideas/objects)
3. Displacement (communication not tied to immediate context) |
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Term
| What do Children Learn When They Learn Language? |
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Definition
| Function, components, meaning, expression and context |
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Term
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Definition
| Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, Discourse |
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Term
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Definition
| Language is learned through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement, claims most frequent phonemes are learned first but does not correspond with actually order of acquisition, doesnt account for individual difference |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans are born with an innate capacity to acquire language, claims sound acqusition is consistent across languages, difficulty accounting for individual differences |
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Term
| Characteristics of Child Directed Speech |
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Definition
| Exaggerated pitch and intonation, slower rate of speech, more imperatives, simple syntax, more content words, contextually anchored, frequent repetitions and questions, turn taking procedures |
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Term
| What Contributes to the Achievement Gap? |
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Definition
| Linguistic differences, cultural differences, discrimination, inferior education, rationales for schooling |
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Term
| Differences in Children's Words Based on Type of Family |
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Definition
Professional Families: 40million words
Working-class Families: 20million words
Welfare Families: 10million words |
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Term
| Importance of Narrative Skills |
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Definition
| Foster the development of decontextualized language, linked to literacy achievement and school success |
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Term
| Benefits of Storybook Reading |
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Definition
| Book-handling skills, repetition, picture identification(conceptive print), rhyming, shared experience/relationship, reading for fun |
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Term
| Closing the Achievement Gap |
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Definition
| Goals of instruction, role of the home language, instructional materials, classroom management, interactions with students, relationship to the community, instructional methods, assessments |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of linguistics which studies how utterances communicate meaning according to the context in which they are used |
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Term
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Definition
| How well one can form words and sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| Skill in adapting language to the social and communicative demands of the situation |
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Term
| Why is Pragmatic Development Important? |
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Definition
| Necessary for children to function in school, predicts later literacy skills, competent children are better liked by adults and peers |
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Term
| Intentional Communication |
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Definition
| Gesturing or vocalizing with intention to communicate rather than just for moving or making sounds, usually by 8-10 months |
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Term
| Features of Intentional Communication |
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Definition
1. Eye contact
2. Ritualized gestures
3. Ritualized vocalizations
4. Pausing after gestures/vocalizations
5. Persistence/modification if not understood |
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Term
| Functions of Early Communication |
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Definition
1. Rejection
2. Request
3. Declaration |
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Term
| Importance of Routines/Structure |
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Definition
| Provides early development of communication signals |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development |
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Definition
| Children can do more with the guidance of a caregiver than they can do alone |
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Term
| Grice's Cooperative Principle Maxims |
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Definition
| Quantity, Relevance, Manner, Quality |
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Term
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Definition
1. Express needs and wants
2. Regulate others behaviors
3. Express opinions and feelings
4. Give voice to imagination
5. To inquire
6. To convey information |
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Term
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Definition
| The linguistic realization of infants' first communicative functions, can be assertive, commissive, expressive, declarative |
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Term
| Three Aspects of an Utterance |
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Definition
1. Locutionary Act
2. Illocutionary Intent
3. Prelocutionary Effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Grammatical form of an utterance |
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Term
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Definition
| Intent of a speaker to accomplish a goal, ex. inform, request |
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Term
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Definition
| Effect the utterance has on the listener, ex. compliance with a request |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding of what other people are likely to be thinking in various contexts; how others are likely to react |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding that objects exist even when the objects are not seen |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding that a goal can be accomplished by deliberate means |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of mind, object permanence, means-end concept |
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Term
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Definition
| The literal meaning differs from the intended one, one or more of the cooperative principle maxims is violated |
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Term
| Decontextualized Language |
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Definition
| Language that is removed from the here-and-now, paradigmatic and narrative |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes an event with a more typical structure than a personal narrative, ex. birthday party, going to the dentist |
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Term
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Definition
| Relating the sequence of events in meaningful ways, story grammar |
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Term
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Definition
| Using linguistic devices to link sentences together, conjunctions, clauses, pronouns |
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Term
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Definition
-Systematic subvariant of a language spoken by a sizable group
-Differences can be aspects of grammar, lexicon, pronunciation,
-Mutually intelligible with other dialects of the same language
-Can be defined by ethnicity, region, social class, age, gender |
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Term
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Definition
-Speech adaptations that depend upon the social and communicative demands of the situation
-Typically differ in degree of formality and in degree of comprehension of the listener |
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Term
| Male Genderlect Characteristics |
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Definition
| Direct requests, communication that seeks status, fewer questions, more comfortable with conflict, fewer overlaps in conversation |
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Term
| Female Generlect Characteristics |
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Definition
| Indirect requests, communication that seeks connection, cooperative overlap, more questions, less comfortable with conflict, more color terms |
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Term
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Definition
-Fixed and regulated in spelling, grammar, and pronunciation
- Facilitates oral and written communication across a wide variety of situations including education, news, teaching |
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Term
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Definition
-Consonant cluster reductions
-Differences in plurals, possessives, tense and syntax
-Use of invariant be (he be...)
-Absence of third person singular (he run)
-Semantics (bling, shortie) |
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Term
| Adolescent Register Features |
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Definition
-Phonological (wassup, da domb)
-Semantic slang
-Discourse patterns (like, you know) |
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Term
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Definition
-Describes the nature of sounds produced
-Physiological
-Deals with concrete aspects of speech, physical structure, articulatory/acoustic description |
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Term
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Definition
-Analyzes sound patterns on an abstract level
-Deals with intended sounds rather than produced sounds
-Deals with abstract aspects of speech, perception of speech sounds
-Describes sounds as how they contrast within the sound system of a language |
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Term
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Definition
| The conventional spelling system of a language, can be alphabetic, syllabic, morpho-syllabic/logographic |
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Term
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Definition
| The spelling/sound correspondence is direct, ex. spanish, german |
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Term
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Definition
| Correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are highly complex or inconsistent, ex. english |
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Term
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Definition
| International Phonetic Alphabet, system for phonetic transcription that seeks to assign each sound to one symbol |
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Term
| Complementary Distribution |
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Definition
| Variants of the same phoneme, perceived by speakers to be phonologically the same, systematic and predictable |
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Term
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Definition
| Phonetically distinct but phonologically the same, often occur in complementary distribution |
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Term
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Definition
Phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers
Economics (i or eh) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rules about which sequences of sounds can occur in a language and the possible positions of those sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the different shapes of a morpheme depending on the sound of the work or stem to which it is attached (cats/dogz) |
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Term
| Suprasegmental Properties |
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Definition
| Stress, pitch, loudness, length |
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Term
| How is Early Speech Perception and Production Studied? |
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Definition
| High amplitude sucking procedure, head turn procedure |
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Term
| Stages of Prelinguistic Speech |
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Definition
-Crying, 0-2m
-Cooing, 2-4m
-Simple Artic, vocal noise/dynamics, 4-6m
-Babbling, 6+m
-Patterned Speech 10+m |
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Term
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Definition
| Invented words that occur during the transition from prespeech to speech, used with consistent meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Abstract pattern for a set of words that may appear in children's early lexicons |
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Term
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Definition
| A distinctive and significant structural element in the sound system of a language |
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Term
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Definition
| A symbol used to represent a sound, based on the principle of one symbol per sound |
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Term
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Definition
| The transcription of an utterance using a particular system of phonetic symbols |
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Term
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Definition
| Children's non-adultlike pronunciations of words, mostly systematic in their differences |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences of pronunciation which are perceived as socially significant; stylistic style of speech masted by 15 |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of phonology through counting sound segments/syllables, rhyming words |
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Term
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Definition
| Conscious knowledge that words are comprised of phoneme sized units of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumes children use problem solving skills in learning phonology, internal feedback is as important as external feedback, does not explicitly account for consistent order of acquisition, can deal with individual differences |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the ability to objectify language as a process as well as a thing, it goes beyond the meaning, meaning resides in the mind, not in the name, realizing that language is malleable |
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Term
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Definition
| An awareness by a speaker of the intentions and effects of one's speech |
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Term
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Definition
| A unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial consonant sound of a syllable |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the syllable including the vowel and what follows it, includes nucleus and coda |
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Term
| Social Interactionist Theory |
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Definition
| An explanation of language development emphasizing the role of social interaction between the developing child and linguistically knowledgeable adults, combination of innateness and environment |
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