Term
| Marbury V. Madison (1803) |
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Definition
- first time that the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress unconstitutiona, this was the power of the federal courts to interpret law in light of the Constitution
- Chief Justice, John Marshall, explained that the Supreme court was the only one who could decide if the law was in conflict with the constitution
- case was first exercise for judicial review
- case touched on constitutional principles like seperation powers, checks and balances, limited govt., and civic values including inetgrity, responsibilty and justice
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Term
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1818) |
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Definition
- New Hampshire could not seize Dartmouth College to turn the institution into a state school, the private school was on a contract
- John Marshall invoked the Contracts Clause of Article I, Section 10, saying that the state shall pass no act "impairing the obligation of contracts
- case touched on economic rights and federalism and civic values including industry and justice
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Term
| McCullough v. Maryland (1819) |
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Definition
- court ruled that federal govt. had power to make a national bank, because it was one of Congress' implied powers
- John Marshall invoked the Supremacy Clause in ruling that Maryland couldn't tax federal bank
- cased touched on federalism, limited govt., and reserved and concurrent powers
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Term
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Definition
- the court ruled that the Commerce Clause gave Congress power to regulate interstate commerce
- the decision invoked the supremacy clause and affirmed that state laws that contradict constituional acts of Congress "must yield" to the Constitution
- case touched on principles like economic rights and federalism, and civic values including industry
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Term
| Barron v. Baltimore (1833) |
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Definition
- John Marshall explained that the bill of rights were only applied to federal govt. and not state govt., so supreme court had no jurisdiction
- decades later, the 14th amendment and the doctorine of incorporation would be used apply some Bill of Rights limitations ot the states
- the case touched on federalism
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Term
| Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) |
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Definition
- decision held the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
- ruling declared that people of African descent were not citizens
- also said that even if slaves travel to a free state they were not free
- Congress couldn't take citizens' "property" (slaves) away because they were property
- case touched on equality
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Term
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Definition
- person sentenced for death or disloyalty by the military court had the right to appeal in a civil court
- ruling also defined conditions for martial law and asserted the civilian power over military
- case touched on seperation of powers, checks and balances, individual rights, and civic values including justice
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Term
| Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) |
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Definition
- the court went against slaugherhouses who were slave owners and said they were deprived of their property, but did not have a case under the Due Process Clause
- case touched federalism, economic rights, and limits on rights
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Term
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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Definition
- dealed with Lousiana's law requiring segregation in train cars
- the ruling held that the law mandating segregation was in line with the peoples' traditions, and did not violate the Privileges and Immunities Clause or the Equal Protection Clase of the 14th amend.
- case touched on equality, and civic values including respect and justice
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Term
| Schenck v. United States (1919) |
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Definition
- ruled that govt does not violate the 1st amend. when it restricts expressions that would create danger during war time
- case touched on limits on rights and civic values including responsibility and moderation
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Term
| Gitlow v. New York (1925) |
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Definition
- the court held that states can punish any endangering utterences that threaten the overthrow of a nation
- case applied protection of free speechto the actions of state govts through the doctrine of incorporation
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Term
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Definition
- a state law allowing govt. to censor newspapers in advance was unconstitutional
- case touched on civic values including moderation and responsibilities of citizenship
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Term
| Minersville v. Gobitas (1940) |
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Definition
- the court that a Pennsylvania law requiring public school students to salute the American flag did not violate the 1st amend's. Free Exercise Clause
- case touced on natural rights, limits on rights, and civic values including courage and respect
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Term
| West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) |
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Definition
- the West Virginia Board's policy requiring students and teachers to recite pledge of allegiance was unconstitutional, reversed Minersville v. Gobitas
- case touched on natural rights and civic values including courage and respect
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Term
| Korematsu v. United States (1944) |
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Definition
- court ruled that the forced inernment of Japanese Americans during WWII, authorized by Executive Order 9066
- was exercise of govt.during dangerous times, b/c there was supsected espionage from japanese
- decision challenged constitutional principles like checks and balances,equality, individual rights, and majority rule versus minority rights
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