Term
|
Definition
135-145 mEq/L or mmol/L
Increased: hemoconcentration and diabetes insipidus.
Decreased: Diuretics and water intoxication. |
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Term
|
Definition
3.5 - 5 mEq/L or mmol/L
Increased in renal failure, acidosis, cell lysis, tissue breakdown or hemolysis.
Decreased in GI losses and diuretics. |
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Term
|
Definition
8.6 - 10.3 mg/dL (2.15 - 2.57 mmol/L)
Increased:
-Tumor or hyperplasia of parathyroid
-too much vitamin D
-Multiple myeloma
-Nephritis with uremia
-Malignant tumors
-Sarcoidosis
-Hyperthyroidism
-Skeletal immobilization
-Excess Ca intake: milk alkali syndrome
Decreased:
-Hypoparathyroidism
-Diarrhea
-Celiac disease
-Vitamin D deficiency
-Acute pancreatitis
-Nephrosis
-After parathyroidectomy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
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Definition
(males age 50: <30 mm/hr)
Increased in tissue destruction, whether inflammatory or degenerative;
during menstruation and pregnancy;
and in acute febrile diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| HDL (high-density lipids) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| INR (international normalized ratio) |
|
Definition
1 (0.88 - 1.16 according to NSUH)
2-3 for therapy for atrial fibrillation, DVT, and PE (pulmonary embolism)
2.5 - 3.5 for therapy in prosthetic heart valves
INR is a corrected ratio of a client's prothrombin time to normal. INR is used to standardize the prothrombin time and anticoagulation therapy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
9.5 - 12 seconds
Therapeutic range: (14-24 sec)
1.5 - 2 times normal
North Shore University Hospital
Normal: 9.4 - 13
Prolonged by deficiency of factors I, II, V, VII, and X, for malabsorption, severe liver disease, and coumarin (warfarin or Coumadin or Jantoven) anticoagulant therapy. |
|
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Term
| PTT (partial thromboplastin time) |
|
Definition
20-35 seconds
Therapeutic range: (30-70 sec)
1.5 - 2 times normal
North Shore University Hospital
normal = 27.5 - 37.4 sec
Therapeutic: 41.3 - 74.8 sec
Prolonged in deficiency of fibrinogen, factors II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, and in heparin therapy. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL (2-20 umol/L)
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment in everyone’s blood and stool. Yellowing of skin or whites of eyes is called jaundice; it may be caused by high levels of bilirubin.
Bilirubin is made when old RBCs are broken down. After circulating in the blood, bilirubin travels to the liver. In the liver, bilirubin is excreted into the bile duct and stored in the gall bladder. Eventually, the bilirubin is released into the small intestine as bile to help digest fats and then excreted with your stool.
Increased:
-Hemolytic anemia (indirect)
-Biliary obstruction and disease
-Hepatocellular damage (hepatitis)
-Pernicious anemia
-Hemolytic disease of the newborn
(direct or conjugated bilirubin levels should be 0.1 - 0.2 mg/dL or 0-4 umol/L)
(indirect or unconjugated bilirubin levels should be 0.1 - 1 mg/dL or 1.7 - 17.1 umol/L) |
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Term
|
Definition
6-8 g/dL (60-80 g/L)
LFT
Increased:
-Hemoconcentration
-Shock
-Multiple myeloma (globulin fraction)
-Chronic infections (globulin fraction)
-Liver disease (globulin)
Decreased:
-Malnutrition
-Hemorrhage
-Loss of plasma from burns
-Proteinuria |
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Term
| specific gravity (urinalysis) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
0.7 - 1.4 mg/dL (62-124 umol/L)
renal function test
Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body.
Increased in renal insufficiency, chronic renal disease, and muscle breakdown.
Decreased in advanced liver disease. |
|
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Term
| BUN (blood urea nitrogen) |
|
Definition
10-20 mg/dL (3.6 - 7.2 mmol/L)
indicator of renal function
Urea nitrogen is what forms when protein breaks down.
Increased:
-Acute glomerulonephritis
-Obstructive uropathy
-Mercury poisoning
-Nephrotic syndrome
Decreased:
-Severe hepatic disease
-Pregnancy |
|
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Term
| creatinine clearance test (renal function) |
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Definition
80 - 139 mL/min
This is a calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and is the best indicator of overall renal function. |
|
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Term
| digoxin level (therapeutic monitoring) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lithium level (therapeutic monitoring) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| phenobarbital (therapeutic monitoring) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| theophylline (therapeutic monitoring) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| dilantin (therapeutic monitoring) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
fasting: 70-110 mg/dL (3.3 - 6.05 mmol/L)
postprandial (2 hrs after meal): 75 - 140 mg/dL (3.58 - 7.7 mmol/L)
Increased in diabetes and Cushing's disease.
Decreased in hyperinsulinism/insulinemia, Addison's disease, insulin therapy.
Diagnostic Tests for DM:
> 125 mg/dL fasting glucose on 2 or more occasions
(Just the above, but also HgbA1c [hemoglobin A1C] > 7%) |
|
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Term
| glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) |
|
Definition
3%-6%
>8% indicates poor diabetes mellitus control |
|
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Term
| Which assessments indicate hypocalcemia? |
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Definition
| Chvostek’s sign (A spasm of the facial muscles following a tap on the facial nerve) and a positive Trousseau’s sign (indicative of neuromuscular hyperreflexia associated with hypocalemia) |
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Term
| AST (aspartate aminotransferase) |
|
Definition
5-40 IU/L
LFT (liver function test)
AST is released into the bloodstream if the liver or heart is affected by disease or injury.
Increased:
-Liver disease
-MI
-Muscle trauma
Decreased:
-Azotemia
-Chronic dialysis |
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Term
| ALT (alanine aminotransferase) |
|
Definition
5-45 IU/L
Increased:
-Liver disease
-MI
-Muscle trauma
Decreased:
-Azotemia
-Chronic dialysis |
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Term
| CVP (central venous pressure) |
|
Definition
3-12 cm water
or 2-6 mm Hg
Elevated: hypervolemia or poor cardiac contractility
Lowered: hypovolemia |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
<250 mg/mL
detects a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis
increased in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), malignancy, and arterial and venous thrombosis |
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Term
|
Definition
4 - 8 L/min
CO = HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)
CO = the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
causes of increased CO = fever, sepsis, anemia, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism |
|
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Term
|
Definition
2-4 L/min/m2
CI = CO/BSA (body surface area)
CI = more accurate than CO (cardiac output) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
50 - 100 mL/beat
SV = amount of blood ejected from ventricle per contraction
SV up = SVR (systemic vascular resistance) down
SV down = SVR up, contractility down (MI), blood volume down, valve dysfunction (mitral stenosis) |
|
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Term
| stroke volume index (SVI) |
|
Definition
35 - 60 mL/beat/m2
SVI = SV/BSA (body surface area)
SVI up = SVR (systemic vascular resistance) down
SVI down = SVR up, contractility down (MI), blood volume down, valve dysfunction (mitral stenosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PAOP (pulmonary artery occlusion pressure)
aka wedge pressure
aka PCWP (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 60-80%, but abnormal/clinically significant if up or down by 5-10% for >3min |
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Term
|
Definition
.7 - 2.1 mEq/L or mmol/L venous blood
.5 - 1.5 mEq/L or mmol/L arterial blood
lactic acidosis and increased lactate levels are seen in septic pts due to decreased oxygen to the tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| 0-.3 mg/dL (or 1.7-5.1 mcmol/L) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| .2 - 1.2 mg/dL (or 3.4 - 20.5 mcmol/L) |
|
|
Term
| pBNP (porcine brain natriuretic peptide) |
|
Definition
0-300 pg/mL
a small peptide secreted by the heart to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance
Studies have demonstrated that the measured concentrations of circulating BNP increase with the severity of CHF based on the NYHA (New York Heart Association) classification. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| CPK (creatine phosphokinase) |
|
Definition
30 - 200 U/L
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is an enzyme found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle.
High levels usually mean injury or stress to muscle tissue, the heart, or the brain. |
|
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Term
| CMP (comprehensive metabolic panel) |
|
Definition
mmol/L:
Na, K, Cl, CO2, AGAP
mg/dL:
glu, BUN, creat, Ca, tBILI
U/L:
SGOT, SGPT, ALKP |
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Term
| CBC (complete blood count) w/ diff |
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Definition
| WBC, RBC, hgb, hct, MCV, MCH, RDW, plt, neut%, |
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Term
|
Definition
5-10
Meaning: 5,000 - 10,000 / mm3 (or meaning 5-10 x 10^9/L)
Total is elevated in acute infectious diseases, predominantly in the neutrophilic fraction with bacterial diseases, and in the lymphocytic and monocytic fractions in viral diseases. |
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Term
|
Definition
females: 12-16 g/dL (1.86-2.48 mmol/L)
males: 13-18 g/dL (2.02-2.79 mmol/L)
NSUH:
hgb 11.5 - 15.5 g/dL
Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.
Decreased in various anemias, pregnancy, severe or prolonged hemorrhage, and with excessive fluid intake.
Increased in polycythemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, failure of oxygenation due to heart failure, and normally in people living at high altitudes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
females: 40% (35%-45%)
males: 45% (40%-50%)
More accurate:
F - (37%-47%)
M - (42%-52%)
NSUH:
hct 34.5% - 45%
Decreased in severe anemia, anemia of pregnancy, and acute massive blood loss.
Increased in erythrocytosis (increased RBCs) of any cause and in dehydration or hemoconcentration associated with shock. |
|
|
Term
| MCV (mean corpuscular volume) |
|
Definition
84-96 fL
the average volume of a RBC
Increased in macrocytic anemia.
Decreased in microcytic anemia.
fL = femtoliter (10 to the negative 15 liter)
(femtoliter / micron / micrometer / um3) |
|
|
Term
| MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) |
|
Definition
28-34 pg
pg = picogram = one trillionth of a gram = ten to the negative 12 gram
MCH is the average mass of hemoglobin per RBC.
MCH value is diminished in hypochromic/microcytic anemias and increased in macrocytic anemia.
Hypochromia means that the red blood cells have less color than normal when examined under a microscope. This usually occurs when there is not enough of the pigment that carries oxygen (hemoglobin) in the RBCs.
The most common cause of hypochromia in the United States is not enough iron in the body (iron deficiency). Untreated, this can lead to a disorder called iron deficiency anemia. |
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|
Term
| MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) |
|
Definition
32-36 % (concentration fraction 0.32-0.36)
the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells (PRBCs)
Decreased in severe hypochromic anemia. |
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|
Term
| RDW (RBC Distribution Width) |
|
Definition
10.3% -14.5%
RDW is the variation of RBC volume. Usually RBCs are a standard size of ~6-8 um (microns or micrometers) in diameter. Certain disorders cause a variation in cell size. Higher RDW values indicate greater variation in RBC size. |
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Term
|
Definition
140 - 400 k / mcL
140,000 - 400,000 / mm3
0.14 - 0.4 x 10^12/L
Increased in malignancy, myeloproliferative disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and postoperatively; about 50% of patients with unexpected increase of platelets will be found to have a malignancy.
Decreased in thrombocytopenic purpura, acute leukemia, aplastic anemia, and during cancer chemotherapy. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
5 - 17 mmol/L
The anion gap is the difference in the measured cations (positively charged ions) and the measured anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference (i.e., "gap") in the serum is often calculated when attempting to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis, a lower than normal pH in the blood. If the gap is greater than normal, then high anion gap metabolic acidosis is diagnosed.
The term "anion gap" usually implies "serum anion gap" but the urine anion gap is also a clinically useful measure. |
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|
Term
| ALKP (alkaline phosphatase) |
|
Definition
40-1500 IU/L, though levels are significantly higher in children and pregnant women
High ALKP can occur if bile ducts are obstructed or if active bone formation is occurring, as ALKP is a byproduct of osteoblast activity (such as the case in Paget's disease of bone [a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshaped bones]).
Increased:
-Conditions reflecting increased osteoblastic activity of bone.
-Rickets
-Hyperparathyroidism
- Hepatic disease
Decreased:
-Malnutrition
-Cretinism
-Severe anemia
-Celiac disease |
|
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Term
|
Definition
4.2 - 5.8 M/mcL
Males 4,600,000 - 6,200,000 / mm3
(4.6 - 6.2 x 10^12/L)
Females 4,200,000 - 5,400,000 / mm3
(4.2 - 5.4 x 10^12/L)
Increased in severe diarrhea and dehydration, polycythemia, acute poisoning, and pulmonary fibrosis.
Decreased in all anemias, in leukemia, and after hemorrhage, when blood volume has been restored. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
200-400 mg/dL (2-4 g/dL)
Increased in pregnancy, cancer, inflammation, and nephrosis.
Decreased in severe liver disease and abruptio placentae. |
|
|
Term
| fibrin split (degradation) products |
|
Definition
<10 mg/L
Increased in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
3-10 mins
Prolonged in thrombocytopenia, defective platelet function, and aspirin therapy. |
|
|
Term
| fibrinolysis (whole blood clot lysis time) |
|
Definition
no lysis in 24 hrs
Increased activity associated with massive hemorrhage, extensive surgery, transfusion reactions, and liver disease. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
<0.5% (Number fraction: 0.6-0.7)
Elevated in acute leukemia, following menstruation, and following surgery or trauma. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1-4% (Number fraction: .01 - .04)
Elevated in collagen disease, allergy, and intestinal parasitosis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
20-30% (Number fraction: <0.05)
Depressed in aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, and by toxic chemotherapeutic agents used in treating malignancy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 2-6% (Number fraction: .2 - .3) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 60-70% (Number fraction: .02 - .06) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
0.5 - 1.5 % of RBCs
(Number fraction: .005 - .015) |
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