Term
Testing Humoral Immunity Serology |
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Definition
-the involved with the presence and measurement of antigens or antibodies -in order to visualize the binding of antigens and antibodies, the reaction must be visible -kits available containing antibodies for specific organisms that may cause disease -rapid and accurate tests that can be used in house -identification of antibody-antigen binding observed through colour change usually -ie)FeLV snap test, Heart worm well test |
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Term
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA (Snap test)
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Definition
-accuracy is high with monoclonal antibodies -Tests - viruses, bacteria, parasites - serum antibodies or hormones - Heartworm, FeLV, FIV, parvo, progesterone How it works -antibodies bound in walls of well, test pad, etc. -if antigen present in sample, it will bind to the antibody specific for that antigen -also binds to a marker to allow for colour change -sample is rinsed washing away any antibody not bound to antigen - therefore, no colour change is present -for antibody testing, the wells contain the antigen and the sample is tested for the antibody |
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Term
Competative Enzyme-Linked Immunosorben Assay CELISA |
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Definition
-used to test patient antigen levels -wells are coated with the monoclonal antibodies for specific antigen -enzyme-labelled antigen used in combination with antibodies -intensity of colour change indicats level of antigen present -ie) equine infectious anemia |
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Term
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Definition
-test for antibodies -antigen coated latex beads suspended in water -if antibody present in sample, binding to antigen -antibody-antigen complex causes agglutination (clumping) in suspension -ie) brucellosis testing in bovine |
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Term
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Definition
RIM (Aka: immunochormatography or lateral flow immunoassay) -colloid gold is joined with antibodies -any antigens present will bind to conjugated antibodies in the cassette membrane and migrate to results window -2nd antibody specific to wanted antigen present in reading area which binds to entire complex and causes a colour change - control antigen present in separate window displaying colour change |
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Term
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Definition
-used to test whether animal has been exposed to a disease by presence of antibodies in serum -kit contains antigen to the desired antibody -both samples are placed on an agar media -precipitation band forms in positive results (presence of antibodies) -ie) equine infectious anemia, Johne's Ds (bovine) |
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Term
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Definition
-Similar to CELISA
-Enzymes from CELISA replace with radioisotope -most commonly tested in research or dignostic labs -antigen is tagged (labelled) with radioisotope and an antibody -antigens in patient sample compete for antibody, therefore displacing tagged antigen -radioactivity is measured to determine concentration in patient sample |
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Term
Fluorescent Antibody Testing |
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Definition
diagnostic referral labs usually as second opinion to confirm vet's intitial dx direct and indirect antibody testing Direct: patient sample added dye conjugated antigen on slide -microscopically examined for fluorescent cells Indirect: patient sample incubated with test antigen on slide -slide washed removing non-bound antibody -fluorescent dye added and slide examined microscopically -also possible to test for antigens using same technique |
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Term
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Definition
used to test auto-immune diseases test identifies antibodies attacking the body's tissues (ie: erythrocytes) Direct coombs - IMHA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia) - patient sample incubated with antisera - immunoglobulins on RBC surface react with antisera causing RBC agglutination Indirect coombs - tests the circulating antibodies against 'self' - infected patient serum mixed with normal patient RBCs (same species) causing agglutination |
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Term
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Definition
-used for allergy testing -IgE molecules are detected after the patient has been subjected to allergenic extracts from environmental allergens - grasses, molds, dust etc. -allergens injected intradermally -patients monitored closely for anaphylactic reactions and localized reactions indicating positive result |
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Term
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Definition
very rare in vet med used to determine exposure of animal to ds with no antigen or antibody test available dilutions of patient sample measured for antibodies until presence no longer indicated High titre: active infection Low titre: previous exposure to antigen |
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Term
Testing Cell Mediated Immunity |
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Definition
much more involved than testing humoral immunity tuberculin skin test - purified derivates from tuberculin organism injected intradermally - animals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium develop hypersensitivity reactions (delayed) - T lymphocytes respond to the injected foreign antigen causing the reaction |
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Term
Sample collection for Serology |
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Definition
usually serum or plasma samples do not send whole blood unless specifically stated important to follow guidelines specific to the referral lab since requirements are very strict when in doubt, contact lab directly most referral labs have a manual available for methods of sample collection and storage for blood samples, use largest syringe and needle combo availble |
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Term
Handling Serological Samples |
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Definition
Serum -allow blood to clot for 20-30 mins at room temp -Rim sample with wooden applicatory stick to dislodge clot gently to prevent hemolysis (be careful) -centrifuge for 10mins at 1500rpm Plasma - sample can be centrifuged immediately after collection Using transfer pipette, remove serum/plasma and transfer to a clean tube (plain red top) LABEL, LABEL, LABEL!!! - pet name and owner last name - date - species - sex - age if samples not tested right away, store in fridge or freezer send samples with cold pack, protective packaging to prevent breakage and requisition form |
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Term
Blood Transfusions What to transfuse? |
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Definition
Packed RBCs Whole Blood Stored, Fresh or Fresh Frozen plasma Platelet Rich Plasma Cryocprecipitate (rarely used) |
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Term
Blood Transfusions When to transfuse? |
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Definition
Whole blood - rapid loss of volume -trauma -surgery -anticoagulant rodenticide -ruptured tumour -PCV <25% (dog), <20% (cat) Plasma (stored) -puppies with protien loss due to parvo virus -hypoalbuminemia -hypovolemia (TS <40g/l, hypotensive patients) -rodenticide |
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Term
Blood Transfusions When to transfuse? |
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Definition
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) -coagulopathies (Factor VIII) -von Willebrand's Factor (vWf) -Disseminated INtravascular Coagulation (DIC) Packed RBCs -Destruction of RBCs (IMHA - immune mediated hemolytic anemia) -Hemobartonellosis -Whole blood loss (in combo with plasma or crystalloids) |
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Term
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Definition
Many clinics have a blood bank program in effect - staff pets, clinic pets or client pets Animal blood banks - Vet schools, emergency clinics, humane society - Able to courier supplies as needed |
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Term
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Definition
-large breed dog > 30kg (lean weight) -<8 years old -spayed and neutered -no potential for bacterium (periodontal Ds, Sx implants, wounds etc) -no therapy (heartworm prophylaxis okay) -no previous transfusions |
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Term
Health Maintenance of Donors |
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Definition
-Annual vaccines -heartworm negative -CBC, biochemical profile, U/A annually (clinic animals twice per year) -Parasite free (ecto and endo-parasites) -Maximum amount 20mL/kg every 21 days (client pets usually every 2-3 months) -*** Must have complete records*** |
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Term
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Definition
>4.5kg lean weight Between 1-8 years old Friendly cat Indoor cats preferred Not on raw food diet (Toxoplasma gondii) |
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Term
Health Maintenance of Donors |
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Definition
Annual vaccines Annual blood chemistry and CBC Negative for FIV, FeLV, FIP, Mycoplasma haemofelis, T.gondii Blood type should be known 50mL maximum donation (<15mL/kg) every 28 days (21 days in emergency) - often not client pets due to anesthesia |
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Term
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Definition
Blood type determined by genetic markers on cell surface (antigens) - Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA) followed by a number Antigen: - a substance which can stimulate a specific immune response (antibody production) -proteins, carbs, or fats >12 blood groups in dogs |
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Term
Common Canine Blood Types |
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Definition
Common blood types -DEA 1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.3) -DEA 3 -DEA 4 -DEA 5 -DEA 7 DEA+ - antigen of blood type is found on surface of RBC (ie: DEA 1.1+) DEA- - antigen of blood type missing from cell surface (ie: DEA 1.1-) |
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Term
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Definition
DEA 1 type of blood is most common -group with greatest antigen response DEA 1.1+ found in >50% of dogs - universal recipient (b/c most common) DEA 1.1- - universal donor (no antigen to react to) Transfusion of DEA 1.1+ to a DEA 1.1- is possible for the first time donors without severe reactions Second transfusion could be fatal due to anitbody production against DEA 1.1+ antigen |
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Term
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Definition
3 types - Type A (80%) - Type B (12%) - Type AB (2%) no universal donor most purebred and exotic cats are Type B ** cats contain antibodies to those erythrocyte antigens they are lacking (blood must be cross typed and matched before transfusion!!!) Neonatal isoerythrolysis -Type A or AB kittens with Type B Queen - antibody in colostrum attacks kittens' erythrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
11 known blood groups - A,B,C,F,J,L,M,R,S,T, and Z Type B is polymorphic (many antigens) natural antibodies against J type, therefore J-blood may be used to minimize reactions |
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Term
Blood Types In Sheep and Goats |
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Definition
Sheep: -7 blood types -A, B (polymorphic),C,D,M,R and X -Naturally occuring R antibodies Goats: -5 blood types A,B,C,M and J (naturally occuring antibodies) |
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Term
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Definition
8 major blood groups -A,C,D,K,P,Q,T,U naturally occurring antibodies - vaccines cause preformed antibodies ***Transfusion reactions often fatal*** Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) - antibodies from mares colostrum attack RBC of foal (rare) |
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Term
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Definition
in house available for small animal (K9 and feline) contain antisera for all possible blood types whole blood sample required determine blood type by evidence of hemolysis or agglutination not feasible for large animal medicine due to large number of antisera required |
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Term
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Definition
determines compatibility of donor and recipient blood possible to have incompatibility even with the same blood type requires whole blood and serum samples from both the donor and the recipient usually a crossmatch is sufficient in large animal medicine |
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Term
Administering Blood Products |
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Definition
****always blood type and cross match donors and recipients**** possible to administer first transfusion to dogs without typing, additional transfusions require testing cats MUST be crossmatched and typed before transfusing Specialized filtering system - traps clots, WBCs and fat Products warmed to room or body temp - if FFP plan ahead NEVER use lacted ringer, 5% dextrose or hypotonic saline use normosol R, 0.9%NaCl recommended second IV catheter good idea Baseline Vital signs test does (0.25ml/kg/hr) over 15mins 5-10ml/kg/hr (whole blood) unless volume overload a concern - decrease to 4ml/kg/hr no faster than 22ml/kg/hr (whole blood) Plasma: 5-10ml/kg 2-3X/day (over 1-4 hrs) - dont allow products to be out of fridge more then 8hrs |
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Term
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Definition
1) Intravenously - large gauge catheter (cephalic or jugular) 2) Intramedullary - good for neonates 3) Intraperitoneal - poor choice due to slow absorption |
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Term
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Definition
Restlessness/anxiety Incontinence Pruritis Muscle Tremors Nausea/vomiting Stretching of legs Fever Facial edema Apnea/trachypnea Tachycardia Seizures Fatality |
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Term
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Definition
how the body reacts to foreign bodies - (bacterial, viral, fungal) 2 major systems - Innate immune system (non-specific) - Adaptive immune system (acquired) |
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Term
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Definition
immunity that an animal is born with act as barriers to foreign material attempting to enter the body - can be physical barriers, commensal bacteria or inflammatory response what are some examples of these barriers? skin, gi tract.... neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages play an important role in an inflammatory response - phagocytic cells what is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage? monocyte in blood and macrophage found in tissue/organs other important components are: -NK (natural killer cells) -interferons -complement system NK Cells -subset of lymphocytes in blood and peripheral lymphoid organs -kill host cells that become infected from foreign invaders -release interferon-gamma to stimulate phagocytes what is an interferon? a cytokine (soluble protein) - intiate/mediates response Complement system -'complement' consist of blood proteins -function in both the innate and adaptive immune systems -'the complement cascade' describes the release of proteins in order to stimulate an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
also divided into 2 parts: -humoral immune system -cell-mediated immune system more advanced system then the innate immune system sets into action if foreign substances escape the innate system -ie: bacterial, viral, fungal, altered host cells Lymphcytes are the main cells involved - macrophages paly a role as APCs what does APC mean? Antigen Presenting Cells Lymphocytes are produced by the bone marrow as immature cells T lymphocytes mature in the thymus B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
Antibodies are released by B lymphocytes into the body fluids (humors) what is another name for antibodies? Immunoglobulins lymphocytes have 3 stages of maturity: -lymphoblast -prolymphocyte -mature lymphocyte once mature the B cells leave the bone marrow and travel to the spleen and lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
During maturity, each B cell becomes specialized to recognize specific antigens when the B cell reacts with its specific antigen, the B cell produces antibodies helper T cells are involved in this process by producing cytokines to activate the Bcell what is a cytokine? soluble protein- mediate immune response once stimulated the B cell muliplies and differntiates into clones of the anitbody producing cell differentiation can produce the plasma cell (antibody producing) or a memory B cell Plasma cells (effector cells) are capable of destroying the foreign antigens what is the purpose of the memory cells? to mediate a faster immune respons to infection and foreign bodies (they remember the bad guys) |
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Term
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Definition
Y-shaped protein molecules (immunoglobulins: Ig) Five different immunoglobulin classes: -IgM (1st respond-5% circulating Ig) -IgG (most abundant and resiliant - 75%) -IgE (structure similar to IgG-very concentrations) -IgA (20%) -IgD (low numbers) antibodies react with antigens by either neutralizing them, initializing phagocytosis on them or lysing cells. |
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Term
Cell mediated Immune system |
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Definition
involve T-cell lymphocytes also contain 3 stages of maturity list the 3 types of lymphocytes in their maturation process? lymphoblast, prolymphoblast, mature lymphocyte similiar to B cells, T cells become antigen specific (both are called naive cells at this stage) once contact with antigen, T cells begin to divide into clones of effector cells or of memory cells Cytolytic T cells are also known as 'cytotoxic' cells capable of identifying antigen particles on infected cells and lysing them -ie: infected cells, tumor cells, grafted tissue cells |
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Term
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Definition
various forms of T cells -helper T cells (CD4+) refers to markers on cell surface -cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) refers to markers on cell surface helper T cells are able to ID the antigen presented by the APC that has been phagocytized The APC has a portion of the antigen on its surface when it presents it to the helper T cell Cytokines are then released allowing the APC to further phagocytize the microbe what else do the stimulated helper T cells aid in? Help stimulate B cells to help them produce antibodies |
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Term
Passive Immunity vs. Immunization |
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Definition
Passive immunity -refers to immunity gained by an animal by receiving active antibodies from another animal (donor animal) -fast acting, but short lived, as anitbodies breakdown and are not stored for future use -can also be naturally occuring from the mother to the newborn through colostrum immunization -occurs when an animal is exposed to a substance which stimulates the immune system -can either be by disease exposure or through vaccination -antibodies are produced to protect the animal the next time it encounters the disease |
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Term
Disorders of the immune system |
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Definition
not all immune responses are beneficial to the host four types of disorders Type I hypersensitivity -immediate reaction after antigen enters circulation -chemicals released from mast cells, allergic reactions, anaphylactic shock Type II hypersensitivity -host destroys its own RBCs -autoimmune hemolytic anemia Type III hypersensitivity -occurs when antigens and antibodies form precipitates -precipitates deposit in blood vessels -glomerulonephritis Type IV hypersensitivity -T-cells react with self antigens in tissues -contract hypersensitivity: plastic bowls causing dermatitis? (cant be dif levels Deficiencies of phagocytes or Ig's -passive immunity declines shortly after birth, and without protection, animal is susceptible to various diseases -(ie: combined immunodeficiency-usually fatal in Arabian foals) Lymphoma: -lymphocytes proliferate uncontrollably into cancerous cells -resistant to the hosts immune defense system |
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Term
Adrenocorticol Function Tests |
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Definition
Adrenal glands produces 3 types of steroid hormones Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) Sex hormones Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) |
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Term
Diseases of Adrenal Glands |
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Definition
Hypoadrenocorticism - Addison's Ds Hyperadrenocorticism-Cushing's Ds ACTH Stimulation Test -detects the response of glucocorticoid production -Hyperplastic exaggerated response (>80% accurate K9, >50% accurate in feline) -Hypoplastic: dimished response ACTH Stimulation Interpretation -elevated cortisol levels post ACTH administration evident in hyperadrenocorticism -Reduced cortisol concentration in hypoadrenocorticism or iatrogenic Cushing's -normal results do not always indicate non-Cushing's disease (must look at clinical signs and retest in 1-2 months) - pituitary or adrenal dependent Cushing Ds |
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Term
Dexamethasone Suppression |
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Definition
uses feedback loops to test the function of adrenal glands administration of Dex inhibits the release of ACTH from a normal pituitary gland - therefore plasma cortisol is lower than normal Most common method: low dose suppression test (significant enough to show results) |
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Term
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Definition
thyroid hormones involved with metabolism growth and cell differentiation many clinical signs with thyroid ds, therefore, function tests are extremely beneficial in Dx Hypothyroid ds - dogs, horses, ruminants, swine Hyperthyroid ds - cats |
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Term
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Definition
anterior pituitary releases TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) thyroid glands release thyroxine composed of T3 and T4 Thyroid levels often sensitive to some drugs - insulin and estrogen increase T4 - glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, antityhroid drugs, penicillins, sulfas, and diazepam can decrease T4 concentration IMPORTANT TO GET COMPLETE Hx! |
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Term
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Definition
Response Tests thryoid function in dogs and horses to determine normal vs abnormal function helps determine whether drug induced hypothyroidism or from another illness Euthyroid Sick Syndrome - T3 and T4 levels are low with low to normal TSH levels - Thyroid is functioning normally but levels are decreased due to other factors/illness TSH Results In normal animals, post TSH injection will see 2X normal T4 results Animals with decreased thyroid already have elevated TSH levels and therefore fo not show increase in T4 results |
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Term
Thyroid Disease in Cats and T3 Suppression in cats and Thyroid suppression results |
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Definition
Thyroid ds in cats - hyperthyroidism determined by thryoid suppression -determines the negative feedback regulation of TSH due to high levels of thyroid hormone in blood circulation - negative feedback lost and thyroid gland continues to produce hormone; ignoring the regulatory effects by the pituitary gland T3 Suppression in cats -based on a normal negative feedback response -blood sample is collected on Day 0 and serum thyroid levels are tested. -cat is then given oral dose of T3 supplementation and another sample collected 2-3 days later Thyroid suppression results -patient with normal functioning thyroid will respond to the additional T3 by sending a message to the pituitary to stop the production of thyroid producing hormone -by day 2.5 post supplementation, the levels should be decreased by 50% from initial sample -patients with hyperthyroidism will not show a decrease in the T3 levels |
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Term
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Definition
All body fluids contain ions which carry a specific charge: - Anion: (negative charge) - Cation: (positive charge) cats are happy and positive These charged ions are electrolytes, which are responsible for numerous body functions -ie:acid-base regulation, enzyme function, water balance etc. Assay testing is done by measuring levels in plasma or serum Electrolytes are very sensitive to sample quality -lipemia: decreased values -hemolysis: increased inorganic phosphorus -icterus: Most common plasma/serum electrolytes -sodium Na+
-potassium K+ -Calcium Ca2+ -Magnesium Mg2+ -Chloride Cl- -Bicarbonate HCO3- -Inorganic Phosphorus PO4 3- |
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Term
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Definition
1% not found in bone, mainly in plasma or serum (minimal in erythrocytes) calcium and phosphate are inversely related to each other. - higher calcium levels result in lower phosphate levels involved with neuromuscular response, blood coagulation, ion transfer Note: EDTA, oxalate or citrate anticoagulants bind to calcium, therefore unavailable for assay Hypercalcemia - high calcium hypocalcemia - low calcium |
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Term
Phosphate (Inorganic Phosphate) |
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Definition
20% not in bones responsible for energy storage, carbohydrate metabolism, nucleic acid and phospholipid structure inorganic portion found in plasma/serum organic portion found in erythrocytes, therefore hemolyzed samples five false elevated values - centrifuge samples ASAP and collect serum/plasma Hypophosphatemia - low phosphorus Hyperphosphatemia - high phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
Major electrolyte in plasma and extracellular fluid -maintains osmotic pressure -water distribution -exchange with hydrogen after kidneys filter sodium Note: heparin anticoagulant contains sodium salt, therefore elevating results Hyponatremia - low sodium Hypernatremia - high sodium |
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Term
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Definition
Major intracellular electrolyte -muscle function -respiration -cardiac function -nerve impulses -carbohydrate metabolism High serum levels in acidotic patients, necrosis (damaged called release potassium) Sample Collection -plasma better then serum - elevated values with clotting process -hemolyzed samples should not be used due to higher potassium concentration in erythrocytes than plasma -do NOT freeze or cool samples until they have been centrifuged and separated from blood cells Hypokalemia - low potassium Hyperkalemia - high potassium |
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Term
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Definition
Found in all body tissues -high concentration in bones -involved with production and decomp of acetylcholine -close relationship with calcium and phosphorus -muscle function decrease with imbalance of magnesium:calcium ratio (redundant) -clinical signs only in cattle/sheep Heparin only acceptable anticoagulant hemolyzed samples elevate results hypomagnesemia - low magnesium hypermagnesemia - high magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
Major extracellular electrolyte -water distribution -osmotic pressure -ratio anion:cation closely involved with sodium and bicarbonate hemolysis may dilute sample givine decreased values centrifuge and separate as soon as possible Hypochloremia - low chloride Hyperchloremia - high chloride |
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Term
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Definition
Common electrolyte in plasma -important in acid-base balance - removes CO2 from tissues to lungs - bicarbonate levels 95% of CO2 levels -kidneys excrete excess Arterial blood is best method for assay testing lithium heparinate is acceptable anticoagulant if using plasma if sample not run immediately, place in ice water but DO NOT FREEZE - hemolysis |
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Term
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Definition
>75% glomeruli both kidneys nonfunctiontional before serum chemistry changes Creatinine -byproduct muscle metabolism produced at constant rate, filtered out by glomeruli -increased when lack of functional glomeruli -influenced by fluid and hydration levels, prerenal increase (shock), postrenal (urethral obstruction) decrease -serum/plasma, hemolysis ok; bilirubin false increase |
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Term
Urea (Blood Urea Nitrogen/BUN) |
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Definition
-end product protein metabolism excreted by kidney, =<40% reabsorbed, decrease if urine increased -evaluates glomerular filtration and function -causes nonrenal increase: amt. protein ingested, fever, corticosteroids -increase renal insufficiency, prerenal (shock, dehydration), postrenal UT obstruction); decrease anorexia, liver ds, tubular injury Serum> plasma, nonlipemic, fast 18hrs, test ASAP as bacterial contamination decrease amt |
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Term
Water Deprivation/Urine Concentation Tests |
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Definition
gradual deprive water over 3-5 days to stimulate antiduiretic hormone (ADH) release, occurs at about 5% wt loss if sufficient ADH, USG = 1.025 if failure to concentrate urine - insuffient ADH - tubular dysfunction Do not do if patient dehydrated or increased BUN |
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Term
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Definition
endocrine (glucagon and insulin); diabetes mellitus (DM), deficiency insulin leading to hyperglycemia, common exocrine (lipase, amylase and trypsin), most common; dogs > cats urine glucose: glucosuria - BG excreeds renal threshold for absorption of glucose - DM: hyperglycemia and glucosuria, confirm with fructosamine |
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Term
Urine and Blood Glucose (BG) |
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Definition
clinitest tablets (Ames) not specific, for screening only; reagent strips (Clinistix, Chemstrip) specific fro urine glucose False positives from ascorbic acid (vit c), morphine, salicylates, penicillin, tetracylcline, IV fluids with dextrose, GA's Serum/plasma glucose test measure glucose oxidase, specific for glucose increase BG: Diabetes mellitus, cushing's ds decrease BG: malabsorption, sever liver ds, storing whole blood (RBCs cont. to use 7-10% glucose/hr) glucose tolerance tests - utilize CHO's Serum preferred, Na fluoride if plasma, centrifuge to separate, and transfer fast 16-24 hrs, dog, cat, not in ruminants |
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Term
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Definition
breaks down starches and glycogen increase with actue, chronic and obstructive pancreatitis, Cushing's ds, liver ds, upper GI inflammation/obstruction, renal failure animals have increased serum amylase than humans (10X > in cats, dogs) not considered useful in cats nonhemolyzed, nonlipemic serum or heparinized plasma |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks down long chain fatty acids of lipids into fatty acids and alcohols increase acute and chronic pancreatitis, renal failure, cushing's ds, dexamethasone tx, bile tract ds not always increased in cats with pancreatitis nonhemolized, nonlipemic serum or heparinized plasma |
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Term
Trypsinlike Immunoreactivity (TLI) |
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Definition
specific and sensitive assay for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs: chronic pancreatitis, juvenile atrophy, pancreatic hypoplasia; maldigestion of food, as decreas lipase, trypsin and amylase trypsinogen, trypsinlike substance, synthesized in pancreas, blood-trace amts fast 12hrs common cause of malabsorption in dogs > cats |
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Term
Liver Function and Bilirubin and testing for bilirubin
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Definition
70% liver nonfunctional before changes bilirubin produced by metabolism of heme by mononuclear phagocyte system hyperbilirubinemia can cause jaundice unconjugated not water soluble, bound to albumin, carried to liver to be conjugated into glucoronic acid, water soluble excreted via bile to intestines, some resorbed by portal system to liver, to kidney for excretion (in conjugated form unless renal damage) significant increase total and conjugated bilirubin, caculate unconjugated portion Bilirubin increase unconjugated: pre-hepatic jaundice (IV hemolysis and anemia)m or liver cells unable to take up or conjugate increased conjugated: hepatic jaundice or increased with cholestasis (post-hepatic jaundice) some dogs lower renal threshold; small amt bilirubinuria normal in dog, cattle but abonormal in cat, pig, sheep, horse increase in cattle, sheep, goat, pig due to hemolysis, not useful indicator or liver ds Testing for bilirubin diazo reagent: icotest tablets (highly specific and sensitive for urine bilirubin), Icostix, multistix, (less sensitive for urine bilirubin) false positive from some medications nonlipemic, nonhemolyzed serum/plasma remove from clot =<3 hr, store in dark (50% lost in 1 hr if left in light), refrigerate/freeze increase urobilinogen, dogs and cats, hepatocellular ds; dogs and humans, decrease with obstructive biliary ds freshly voided urine sample, test ASAP |
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Term
Total Serum/ Plasma proteins |
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Definition
reflects nutritional status easily denatured from heat, strong acids/bases - detergents, enzymative action, urea. UV light TP and albumin measured, globulin calculated affected by rate of protein synthesis in liver, increase breakdown oe excretion, dehydration (increase) or overhydration (decrease), distribution proteins in body use refractometer on clear sample; affected by electrolytes, lipids, hemolysis, urea and glucose labs; wet and dry chemistry; total dye binding nonhemolyzed, nonlipemic serum/plasma, EDTA or heparin; slow decreas with serum |
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Term
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Definition
in response to ds, albumin decreases, globulin increases increase rare (shock); tests; albumin dye binding decrease more common: chronic liver ds, starvation/malnutrition, malabsorption, enteritis/colitis/parasites, pregnancy and lactation, prolonged fever, uncontrolled DM, trauma, nephritis/nephrosis, ascites (fluid in abdomen), protein losing enteropathy, blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
fractions, subdivided into subfractions (alpha,beta,gamma); separated by electrophoresis (like albumin), patterns species specific and for certain ds fibrinogen, coagulation factor, sometimes measured separately; use plasma, 4g/l TP increased inflammation/infection, antigenic stimulation neoplasia or abnormal immunoglobulin production albumin-globulin ratio (A:G); albumin/globulin, early indicator abnormal protein profile >1 dog, horse, sheep, =<cat, pig, cattle |
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Term
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Definition
biological enzymes assaye, increase concentration -if tissue cells destroyed -increase in production -obstruction of excretory route -decrease in circulation test kits contain required substrates, coenzymes and cofactors, correct temp (30 degree C) handle samples carefully IU- internation unit, amount of enzyme that will catalyze the conversion or 1 u |
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Term
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Definition
Alanine aminotransferase or alanine transaminase, was SGPT lrg amounts in hepatocytes dog, cat, primate, not horse, ruminant, pig Increase if hepatocytes damaged, decrease if isolated incidence, increase if chronic some drugs cause increase in dogs, not cats nonhemolyzed, nonlipemic serum/plasma EDTA or Na citrate, do not freeze |
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Term
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Definition
aspertate aminotransferase or aspartate transminase, was SGOT not organ specific, in all body tissues, present in cardiac and skeletal muscle, liver interpret with ALT, unless ALT not significant in species but rule out other causes increase -dog and cat increas ALT/N ALP = reversible liver damage, increas ALT and ALP = hepatocellular necrosis, normal ALT/ Increase ALP = source not liver horse higher normal AST: specific method, dilute nonhemolized, nonlipemic serum/plasma, separate ASAP |
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Term
AP (Alkaline Phosphatase) |
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Definition
present in almost all tissues, liver and bone isoenzymes, small amt normal in serum increase production, not decrease excretion through bile increased in young animals, increased rate bone growth increased in adults, bone injury or obstructive liver ds (inrahepatic/posthepatic cholestasis) glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants increase 2 wks serum or heparinized plasma |
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Term
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Definition
LDH, lactate dehydrogenase, most tissues: liver, muscle, RBC; increase non-specific -serum or plasma (no EDTA or oxalates) GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase, found in liver (pancreas, kidney) -increase cholestasis, all liver ds; dog and cat increase ALT also - fatty liver ds (dog and cat), some meds SD, sorbitol dehydrogenase, liver, Ig anim replace ALT to Dx liver ds, unstable - 8 hrs |
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Term
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Definition
formed in liver, scattered in bile, stored in gall bladder, secreted into duodenum to aid in fat absorption and digestion, reabsorbed in ileum, filtered by liver 2hr post-prandial increase 2X cat, 3X dog, over resting nonspecific liver ds, liver cannot clear bile acid from blood decrease delayed gastric emptying and ileal ds serum |
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Term
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Definition
Differentiates between inflammation and neoplasia in cells Sample collection methods include: swab, scrape, or imprint, fine needle aspirates or biopsies, tissue biopsies, centesis Evaluate fluid for volume, colour, turbidity, cell types present, nucleated cell count, total protein Smaple preparation methods for solid (compression smear, starfish smear or combo) or fluid (compressiong smear or line smear) Systemic approach for quality diagnostic results Inflammation: suppurative/purulent, granulomatous, pyogranulomatous, eosinophilic Neoplasia: homogeneous populations single cell type Benign neoplasia: hyperplasia with no criteria of rmalignancy in nucleus Nuclear criteria of malignancy: anisokaryosis, pleomorphism, increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, increased mitotic figures, coarse chromatin pattern, nuclear molding, multinucleation, variable nucleoli -Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -Aqueous and vitreous humor -Synovial fluid -tracheal wash (TTW, Oro-tracheal: ET tube, bronchoalveolar lavage) -nasal flush -vaginal cytology -semen evaluation -prostatic secretions -milk (dairy cows) |
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Term
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Definition
Study of cells shed from body surfaces - body fluids (CSF, peritoneal, Pleural, synovial) - mucosal (trachea, vagina) - secretions (Semen, prostatic fluid, milk) - neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages, mesothelial cells, mast cells, RBCs Differentiate between inflammation and neoplasia by ID of cell types to aid in Dx and Tx (+) collected quickly, easily and inexpensively; no specialized equipment needed (-) quality control concerns: improper collection can damage cells; variable staining techniques; formalin and improper handling can affect evalution |
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Term
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Definition
several different perparations made for each sample: allows for additional teste without additional collection Impression smears, compression or modified compression preps, line smears, starfish smears, wedge smears Concentration techniques: low-speed centrifugation, gravitational sedimentation, membrane filtration, cytocentrifugation Fluids: anticoagulant or preservatives single or multiple staining procedures |
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Term
Cytology vs. Histopathology |
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Definition
Histopathology: observe cells in relation to neighboring cells, cellular architecture -sample immersed in fixative -dehydrate tissue and imbed in parafin -slice thinly, mount on slide and stain Cytology: observe cells individually or in small groups, randomly distributed, no evidence of in vitro relationship evaluation flow chart |
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Term
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Definition
normal response to tissue damage or invasion by microorganisms Chemotactic factors attract WBCs: neutrophils and macrophages, predominant, occaisional eosinophils and lymphocytes Categories - suppurative/purulent: over 85% neutrophils (most common: bacteria) - Pygranulomatous: 15% macrophages, 50-75% neutrophils (fungal, parasitic, mixed) - Granulomatous: equal to or less than 50-75% macrophages, equal to or less than 15% neutrophils (fungal, parasitic) - Eosinophilic: More than 10% eosinophils (parasitic, neoplasia) Degenerations (esp. neutrophils) - nuclear changes - pyknosis: small dark condensed nucleus from slow cell death/aging -Karyorrhexis: fragmented nucleus -Karyolysis: swollen ragged nucleus, loss of nuclear membrane, decrease in staining intensity from rapid cell death, (often septic/bacterial reaction) Presence of microorganisms -Septic: contain phagocitized bacteria or other microorganisms (sometimes RBCs, parasites, fungal) |
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Term
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Definition
Homogeneous population single cell type, same tissue origin If mixed cell population, neoplastic area + concurrent inflammation Benign -same cell type, relatively uniform cytoplasm and nuclei -hyperplasia, no criteria of malignancy Malignant - morphologic changes in cytoplasm and nuclei - minimum 3 nuclear criteria of malignancy; 5 criteria more diagnositc |
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Term
Nuclear Criteria of Malignancy |
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Definition
Pleomorphism: variability in size (anisocytosis), shape, and appearance same cell type (cytoplasm/nucleus) macrokaryosis (large nucleus), anisokaryosis (nucleus variable size), multinucleation (multiple nuclei) Increase nucleus: cytoplasm ration (N:C) Increase mitotic activity/figures, abnormal mitosis Coarse chromatin pattern Nuclear molding Macronucleoli/angular nucleoli/anisonucleoliosis HISTOPATHOLOGY: local tissue infiltration or vessel/lymphatic invasion |
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Term
Cytology of Specific Sites |
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Definition
Peritioneal and pleural fluid - transudate, modified transudate, exudate - reactive mesothial cells vs. neoplasia Lymph nodes: lymphadenopathy or sentinel - normal 75% small mature lymphocytes - reactive lymph nodes respond to antigenic stimulation - lymphadenitis (inflammation-neutrophil, macrophages) -Hyperplasia (benign neoplasia) - mixed (inflammatory and neoplasia) - lymphoma (malignant neoplasia) - metastasis (neoplastic cells spread from other body tissues) |
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Term
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Definition
study of microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) unable to see with naked eye bacteriology, mycology, virology immunologic methods used for virology bacteria and fungi evaluated with routine procedures, some in-house testing samples collected quickly, easily, decrease cost; quality control vital |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial morphology based on shape and arrangement of cells -specialized structures (capsules, spores) to ID Bacteria have various O2, temperature and nutrient requirements Basics: microscope, incubator, sample collection materials, culture media and observe growth characteristics; additional biochemical test to further ID Antibiotic sensitivity testing to determine resistance or sensitivity (C+S) Most microbes found on body non-pathogenic=normal flora (eg) GIT, resp.tract, skin, lower urinary and reproductive tracts) spinal column, blood and urinary bladder not normal flora (nothing should be growing here); bacteria (and fungi) found here, from another location are significant ID bacterial pathogens or overgrowth of normal flora Bacteria prokaryotes, 0.5-5 um, cell walls, plasma membranes, ribosomes +/- capsules, flagella, endospores Requirements: O2 tension, temperature, pH (6.5-7.5), nutrition - specific collection/handling and aid in ID |
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Term
Bacterial Growth Requirements |
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Definition
O2 requirements: - obligate aerobes: require O2 to survive - Obligate anaerobes: killed/ deacreased growth in O2 - Facultative anaerobes: can survive/limited growth in O2 - Microaerophilic prefer decreased O2 tension - Capnophilic: increased CO2 Nutrient requirements vary - choose culture media based on this - fastidious microbes: strict requirements Temperature - most are mesophiles (20-40 degress C); if decreased psychrophiles and if increased thermophiles |
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Term
Bacterial Cell Morphology: Shape |
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Definition
Coccus/cocci: round balls or spheres eg) Staphylococcus or Streptococcus Bacillus: rods or cylinders eg) Bacillus anthracis or E.coli Spiral usually occur singly - loose eg) Borrelia - tight eg) Leptospira - Comma-shaped eg) Campylobacter Pleomorphic: ranging from cocci to bacilli (rods); classify as rods if seen. |
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Term
Bacterial Cell Morphology: Arrangement |
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Definition
Single: unattached spirilla or most bacilli Pairs: group of 2 or diplococcus eg) Streptococcus pneumoniae Clusters or bunches: groups of more then 2, or grape-like clusters, Staphylococcus aureus Chains: short of long single-stranded chains eg) Streptococcus Palisades: " Chinese letter pattern" eg)Corynebacteriusm spp. |
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Term
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Definition
Spores or endospores: intracellular refractile bodies; non-staining bodies with gram stain Resistant to heat, dessication, chemicals, radiation Vary in size, shape, location -central, in center eg) Bacillus anthracis -subterminal, near end eg) Clostridium chauvoei -Terminal at end eg) Clostridium tetani |
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Term
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Definition
Bacterial cells, single strand DNA, reproduce by binary fision 4 distinct stages or phases or growth: A) Lag: adapting metabolism to use resources B) Exponential growth: doubling or generation time, species variability, affected by environment; limited by decreased nutrients, increase toxic wastes, space C) Stationary: no net increase or decrease D) Logarithmic decline: death, spore formation |
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Term
Bacteriology: Basic Media |
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Definition
Agar: semisolid Broth: liquid Plate: flat, round container agar Tube: screw-top container or broth/agar Slant: tube agar, gell at an angle Selective: contain compounds that inhibit growth certain types of orangisms Differential: contain compounds that ID certain characteristics of organisms on the media |
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Term
Specific types Media: Plates |
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Definition
Columbia colistin-nalidixic acid agar (CAN) +5% sheeps blood - selects for Gram (-) using colistin and nalidixic acid, alternative Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) MacConkey II agar (MAC) - Selects for Gram (-) using crystal violet bacterial Gram (+) inhibitor -differeniates between lactose fermeneters (LFs) and non-lactose fermeneters (NLFs) using neutral red indicator that colours LFs Pink/ purple - Inhibits swarming Proteus spp. Mueller-Hinton agar (MH) - general-use, for standard results for C+S - may be blood enriched for fastidious organisms Salmonella-Shigella agar (SS) -pathogenic enteric Gram (-); alternative Hektoen enteric agar and Levine eosin methylene blue agar -Differentiates LFs from NLFs like MAC -ID H2S producing: ferric citrate (+) =black Trypticase soy agar + 5% sheep's blood (TSA) or Blood agar plate (BAP) - general, nutritive for fastidious organisms - observation bacterial hemolytic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Bile esulin agar (BE) - slanted, ID organism hydrolyze esculin, especially enterococci; ferric citrate (+) = dark brown Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) - enriched broth, bring organisms to turbidity level to perform diffusion C+S (Kirby-Bauer) Gram (-) Broth - enrichment medium Salmonella and Shigella spp. Fecal culturing Oxidation fermentation medium + dextrose (OF) - semisolid, ID dextrose using Gram (-) Sodium chloride (NaCl) 0.85% - Sterile solution, diluting Gram (-) API testing Thioglycollate broth (THIO) + indicator -135C -general use, most organisms, anaerobes, some fungi Tryticase soy broth (TSB) -general use, most organisms, especially fastidious ones, blood cultures, sterility testing Urea agar slant (UREA) - ID urease production; (+) = phenol red Motility test medium - semisolid, motility or organism Nutrient agar slant - cultivation and transport nonfastidious organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Sterile areas - body areas/cavities not normally conataining bacteria/fungi; any orangisms are abnormal - blood, urine, spinal fluid, joint fluid, solid organs, milk, lower resp tract. Nonsterile areas - body areas, that when healthy, contain resident bacteria/fungi (normal flora); need to distguish from ds-causing organisms -hair/fur, skin, sputum/saliva, GIT/feces, ears, upper resp tract (nares, trachea) Abscessed areas - areas the body has filled with exudative (pus) marterial, response to inflammation or irritation -if sterile abscess, no bacterial etiology, no growth on C+S -primary, contain 1 pathogen, cause of original infection -secondary, contain multiple opportunistic pathogens, bacterial/fungal, invaded after original infection |
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Term
Collection and Culture of Specimens |
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Definition
swab specimen - culturette of sterile cotton-tipped swab - ears, nares, abscesses; squirt liquid on swab - prepackaged sterile swabs and transport media Liquid specimen -aspirate in syringe, sterile tube (red and purple top) - abcess material, tracheal/bronchial wash, nasal discharge, joint fluid, spinal fluid Solid Specimen - hard abscess, tissue samples, organs, skin, scales Urine specimen -Cystocentesis preferred, sterile catheterization acceptable; free catch contains normal flora from skin/genital area; table top/floor contaminants ++++, not for C+S (note collection method) Blood Specimen - sterile technique: disinfect rubber tops 2 tubes and surgical prep of venipuncture sites, aseptic venipuncture; vent 1 for aerobes, leave 1 sealed for anaerobes Fecal cultures -direct smears using NaCl and microscope evaluation -gram stain all fecal specimens: Campylobacter spp. (Gram (-) comma-shaped spirals) difficult to culture due to fastidious O2 needs; Clostridium spp. large spore forming Gram (+) rods -inoculated on specific plates and broth |
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Term
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Definition
Examine plates after overnight incubation Observe morphology of colonies: each one of the same type of bacteria look the same Gram (+)nwill grow on Blood Agar (BAP or TSA) and CNA (if used) Gram (-) grow on blood Agar (BAP) and MAC Fastidious organisms grow only on BAP: gram stain representative colony |
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Term
Gram (+) Cocci: Staphylococci |
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Definition
Staphylococci (staph) and streptococci (strep); micrococci less common Staphylcoccus spp. -hemolytic vs. nonhemolytic (check BAP) -Catalase (+) = perform 1st as strep is (-) -Coagulase (+) = increase pathogenic -Mueller-Hinton C+S, skin has normal flora -Broth tube: comets/shooting stars -Staph, especially coagulase (+), cause skin and other infections (conjunctivitis, otitis, skin wounds, abscesses, bumblefoot in birds, MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) |
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Term
Gram (+) Cocci: Streptococci |
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Definition
Catalase (-) Hemolysis on BAP, zone around colony: -alpha: imcomplete, narrow and green/slimy -Beta: complete, clear zone -Gamma: none, no change -Delta: double-zone, like target Mueller-Hinton (+blood) C+S: Streptococci, especially Beta-hemolytic, with poor growth indicates sensitivity to multiple antibiotics Enterococci or enterococcol strep (Strep. fecalis) normal flora of the GI, opportunistic elsewhere, bile esculin (+) Broth tube: stars Optochin disk: Strep. pneumoniae show inhibition, other then alpha-hemolytic streptococci unaffected cause skin wounds, abscesses (stangles), pneumonia, mastitis, septicemia, genital infections, UTIs, VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus)
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Term
Gram (-) Cocci: Neisseria |
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Definition
Normal flora in the respiratory tract of many species pathogenic in humans: N. gonorrheae (gonorrhea) and N. meningitidis (meningitis) N. weaveri in canine mouth, dog bite infections N. iguanae abscesses in iguanid lizards
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Term
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Definition
Enterobacteriaceae or enteric bacteria common in many species grow on Blood agar (BAP) (may overgrow gram (+) cocci, may need CNA to recover these) and MAC lactose fermenters on MAC - NLF: clear; perform oxidase - LF: dark pink/purple; all LFs oxidase (-) Fecal pathogens: Proteus and Salmonella, Shigella and Pseudomonas, Aeromonas; use oxidase, H2S, urea to differentiate |
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Term
Anaerobic Gram (-) Bacilli/Rods |
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Definition
Bacteroides spp. common pathogen, B. fragilis: diarrhea, soft tissue abscesses, mastitis, periodontitis Fusobacterium spp. normal flora oral cavity, GIT; infected dog and cat bites, bovine foot rot and equine thrush Above non-spore formers, need proper handling and prompt transport Pseudomonas, Aeromonas (non-GIT), serious primary pathogens birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
Campylobacter spp. normal GIT flora in hooved mammals; chronic debilitating diarrhea in primates and carnivores - curved rods joined end to end (seagull or "W"), comma or spirals - not always seen on gram stain; need microaerophilic environment, special media as others often overgrow Yersinia spp. need salt to grow (halophilic) - reptile/amphibian cultures - primate or ruminant fecal cultures Leptospira spp., Borrelia spp., Helicobacter spp. |
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Term
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Definition
Moraxella bovis resemble fat rods, causes pinkeye in cattle Respiratory pathogens: - Bordetella spp. dogs, cats - Pasteurella spp. cats, rabbits Categorized under bacilli Brucella abortus causes abortions in cattle may not grow on MAC, can be confused with streptococci so gram stain, use young colonies of both |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium spp. anaerobi, spore-former seen on gram stain; can send to lab to ID C.tetani, perfringens, botulinum, chauvoei, septicum Bacillus spp. most common aerobic -can be hemoltyic and spore-former -Bacillus anthracis pathogenic: sudden death in cattle and sheep, skin and lung lesions in humans - B.piliformis acutre fatal enteritis in foals and rodents -others are normal flora or environmental contaminant Corynebacterium spp. Normal flora GIT, mouth, skin
-curved pleomorphic "chinese letters"/palisades - pathogenic C. equi (foal pneumonia), C. pseudotuberculosis (caseous lymphadenitis sheep/goats), C. renale (UTI in cattle, pigs, and male sheep) Listeria monocytogenes, catalase (+) can infect brainstem Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, catalase (-) septicemia; endocarditis dogs Mycobacterium spp. long thin sometimes branching -difficult to isolate and culture, months and special media -acid-fast stain (carbol fuchsin 5 min, rinse, acid-alcohol decolorizer, malachite green counterstain) to ID thin pink rods -Serious Pathogens -M. paratuberculosis: Johne's ds in cattle -M. tuberculosis: pneumonia in humans, primates -M. avium: fatal, untreatable GI and respiratory infection in birds |
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Term
Mycoplasma and Obligate Intracellular Bacteria |
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Definition
Mycoplasma spp. lack cell wall so not easy to stain/ID; send to reference lab; pneumonia, arthritis (causes a septic athritis) obligate intracellular bacteria, Gram(-) bacilli, needs cell cultures; Dx: serology, special staining (ID within host's cell) -Chlamydia spp. genital and URTIs in humans, cats, pigs and birds - Erhlichia canis, canine hemorrhagic fever (tick-borne), E.risticii, Potomac horse fever (arthropod-borne) -Rickettsia rickettsii, rocky mountain spotted fecer (Tick-borne) humans and dogs |
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Term
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Definition
fungi are heterotrophs: an organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition Parasitic or saprophytic (found in environment and are opportunistic pathogens) Multicellular except yeasts; eukaryotics cells, cell walls composed of chitin (conatined within the body wall of insects) webs slender tubes, called hyphae, make up branching web, mycelium grow toward food sources; digest externally by release of digestive enzymes, bring resulting small molecules into hyphae may have reproductive structure, fruiting body, produces and releases reproductive cells, spores, specific for different groups yeasts produce by budding most fungi rely on both sexual (ascospores, basidiospores and zygospores) and asexual (sporangiospores or conidia) reproduction fungi can be differentiated on basis of structure of hyphae and on presence or spores Categories pathogenic fungi -1) Basidiomycetes: mushrooms or club fungi -2) Ascomycetes: cup fungi -3) Zygomycetes: molds -4) Deuteromycetes: aka fungi imperfecti has no known sexual stage occurs Diagnostic mycology -fungal samples routinely collected without specialized equipment -must confirm ID by microscopic examination |
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Term
Mycology Basic Media: Tubes |
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Definition
Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM) -solid-tubed, supplimented gentamicin and chlortetracycline; pathogenic fungi -phenol red, colour change rapidly growing pathogenic fungi Mycosel agar -cyclohexamide and cloramphenicol inhibit bacterial growth -alternative: sabaroud dextrose agar + chloramphenicol |
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Term
Diagnostic Mycology: Fungal Identification |
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Definition
Characteristic microscopic morphology -use cellophane tape, press to fungal colony, add saline or lactophenol cotton blue, ID hyphae -other specialized techniques and media -TSA plate will often grow yeast; colonies not readily recognized can be gram stained or wet mounted with NaCl -Heavy fungal infections (eg) avian aspergillosis), fungi grow on top of THIO or surface TSA plate: dry fuzzy appearance |
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Term
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Definition
Found in hair, skin, nails, claws; is the cause of ringworm in humans and animals most common: Microsporum spp. and Tricophyton spp. Most cause colour change in DTM (fungassay) from yellow to red, before large amt of growth (N.B. contaminants) Distiguish by large macroconidia: diagnositic shapes seen microscopically |
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Term
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Definition
found in the environment, opportunistic fungi localized or disseminated (systemic) fungal/mycotic infections: -Aspergillus spp. (Aspergillosis): nasal in dogs, horses, pneumonia in birds and other species -can also cause severe immunosuppression by production of aflatoxin, ingested in feed/hay -Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. can cause lymph node, lung and liver lesions in immunosuppressed animals |
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Term
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Definition
often cream coloured colony growing only on TSA plate Candida spp. infects mucous membranes in GIT (including mouth), genital tract, resp tract, ears Candida albicans causes many dses, especially if predisposing conditions: -immunosuppression -primary bacterial infection -prolonged antibiotic use ID Candida albicans with germ tube test - isolate yeast incubated in rabbit plasma with EDTA 2-3 hrs, microscopic exam - Produces germ tubes, grow from side of yeast like tiny hyphae -true germ tubes don't 'pinch in' at point of attachment to parent yeast cell Commercial agglutination tests also exist Cryptococcus neoformans: encapsulated yeast causes severe nasal infections dogs and cats, meningitis in people Cultures/nasal exudates Cryptococcus neoformans, add drop of India ink, microscopic exam Malassezia pachydermatis found in external ear; cause of otitis externa, seborrheic dermatitis, hypersensitivity reactions - gram stain: oval, bottle-shaped budding yeast yeast can be normal flora in ears, genetals and oral cavity |
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Term
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Definition
Exhibit yeast-like growth in animal tissue and saprophytic fungus-type growth in environment Highly Zoonotic, use protective measures -characteristic microscopic appearance; Dx also by serology -Histoplasma capsulatum, resp tract in dogs and cats and humans -Blastomyces dermatitidis, resp tract, skin in dogs and humans -Coccidioides immitis, resp tract in dogs, humans, less common in bones and internal organs -Dx: cytological exam of clinical specimen |
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Term
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Definition
Viruses not cellular (no nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall); protein, nucleic acid,+/- lipids, CHO's Obligate intracellular parasites - Depend on host cell for reproduction - Animal viruses most commonly cultured in mice, embryonated chicken eggs, tissue culture Vary in size (poxvirus 300nm, parvovirus 22nm) Classified basis of shape (seen on electron microscope), nucleic acid core (genome), +/- envelope |
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Term
Viral Envelope and Genome |
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Definition
Envelope lipid membrane surrounding virus, easily killed by bleach, made inert by freezing/thawing "naked virus" lacks envelope, more resistant: autoclave (steam sterilization and pressure), commercial viricidals genomes, DNA or RNA, double or single stranded; if RNA, have reverse transcriptase to create DNA in host cell (oncogenes) Some double stranded DNA can incorporate into host DNA, be replicated during mitosis: no C/S or cellular damage; latent;dormant until stress (age, ds, malnutrition, shipping, Sx, trauma), reemerges to produces intact virions and ds |
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Term
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Definition
Attachement - virus portal entry: usually mucosa (resp., urogenital, GIT); rarely skin (insect vector) - Viral binding proteins attach to host cell membrane, determine spp. affected and type ds Penetration-uncoating - produce enzymes, degrade host cell membrane, virus nucleic core exits its outer shell or capsid (uncoating) and enters host cell (penetration) Replication - virus needs to produce thousands of copies of itself, but cannot do so on its own - virus's nucleic acid redirects host cell DNA to ignor own needs, instead produces viral components (capsid fragments, viral nucleic acid); breakdown host cell membrane, triggers immune response, but virus hidden, already reproduced and released Assembly-release - viral components assemble in host cell, form virions, released as viruses: cell ruptures (lysogenic cycle) causing ds and clinical signs - viruses spread to neighboring cells, or shed in secretions, or enter systemic circulation (viremia) spreading throughout the body Some viruses limited by temperature, host cell surface proteins (localized infections) |
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Term
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Definition
Apparent: causes ds and clinical signs (peracute to chronic) Silent, nonapparent or subclinical. no overt signs, transient carrier state (persistently infected), difficult to ID Predispose host to secondary ds (bacterial common), can be worse then primary virus viral family names end in -viridae viral genus names end in -virus not underlined or italicized |
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Term
Sampling Techniques and Collection |
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Definition
Analysis of samples done at reference lab, not always in time to treat animal; confirm DX or for epidemiology Results only as reliable as quality of sample submitted and Hx provided (including Vx) Virus most easily cultured just before or short time after onset of clinical signs ID ds via Antibody titer: initial blood sample, recheck 2-4 wks later for rising titer keep tissue specimens cool but do not freeze; fresh plasma or serum, or frozen serum okay |
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Term
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Definition
ID viral infection on basis of clinical Hx; submit specimen sample, immuno-reactivity, histopathology, advanced tests and electron microscopy Fluorescent Antibody (FA) test - bovine brucellosis - specific antibody binds viral antigen - binding visualized as labelled with fluorescent dye Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test: -FeLV, parvovirus, HW - specific antibody adsorbed to plastic well; viral antigen in test blood sample added - another labelled antibody added; forms "sandwich" which produces colour change when substrate added Latex agglutination (LA) test - feces for canine parvovirus, or bovine and porcine rotavirus - same principles as ELISA; antiviral antibody adsorbed to microscopic latex beads |
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Term
Prevention of Viral Disease |
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Definition
Health measures: - good hygiene - prompt disposal of dead animals - proper nutrition - clean and adequate water supply - reasonable population density to decrease stress - screening and quarantine new animals before introduction Vaccinations (keep current) Treatment to reduce effects on individual or herd |
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