Term
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Definition
The ability of a test to correctly identify those individuals who truly have the disease (true positives);
Equal to the (# of true positives)/total number of people who have the disease (# true positives + # of false negatives); essentially it means what percent of the cases of people who have the condition does it detect |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a test to correctly identify people who do not have the disease (true negatives); equal to the (# of true negatives)/everyone who does not have the disease (# of true negatives + number of false positives) |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common lab test; gives Hemoglobin(Hgb), Hematocrit(Hct), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), White Blood Cell Count, Red Blood Cell Count, Mean corpuscular volume(MCV), Platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport hemoglobin which carries oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in defending your body from foreign invaders (infection) |
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Term
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Definition
| Respond to blood vessel injury to form a clot |
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Term
| Normal value for Hemoglobin (Hgb) |
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Definition
| 12-18 gm/deciliter (women have lower than men) |
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Term
| Normal value for Hematocrit (Hct) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of blood that is red blood cells (percentage of red blood cell/total blood volume) |
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Term
| Causes of elevated hemoglobin |
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Definition
| Dehydration, High altitude, smokers, congenital heart disease, polycythema vera |
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Term
| Causes of low hemoglobin (anemia) |
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Definition
| Blood loss, pregnancy, vitamin deficiency, increased destruction of red blood cells, decreased production of red blood cells |
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Term
| Normal value for white blood cells (leukocytes) |
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Definition
| 4,000 - 10,000 x 10^9/L or just 4-10 |
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Term
| Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and Agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) |
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Definition
| Classifications of White Blood Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC count differential = 50-70%; primary defense against invasion through phagocytosis; elevated with bacterial infections, inflammatory conditions or other infections |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC count differential = 25-40%; elevated with viral infections |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC count differential = 1-3%; contain the majority of histamine in the body; elevated with allergic or fungal infections |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC count differential = 0.4-1%; contain histamine, serotonin, and heparin granules; elevated with inflammatory states, parasitic infection or allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC count differential = 2-6%; second line of defense against infection; elevated with phagocytosis bacterial infections |
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Term
| Causes of elevated WBC's (leukocytosis) |
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Definition
| Acute infections, leukemia, post splenectomy, steroids, high stress, excitement, pain, trauma, heat |
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Term
| Causes of low WBC's (leukopenia) |
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Definition
| Viral infections, overwhelming bacterial infections, hypersplenism, mononucleosis, bone marrow suppression |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased ratio of band cells (immature neutrophils); represents a healthy immune response to infection |
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Term
| Normal ratio of band cells |
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Definition
| Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (polys) = 98% and band cells = 1-3% |
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Term
| Mean Cellular Volume (MCV) |
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Definition
| Size of the RBC, increased with vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, decreased with iron deficiency; useful in classifying the type of anemia; average volume of RBC |
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Term
| Normal value for Mean cellular volume (MCV) |
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Definition
| 80-100 femtoliters (10^-15L) |
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Term
| Normal value for platelets |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged spleen, alcoholism, bone marrow suppression, viral infection, vitamin deficiency |
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Term
| Causes of elevated platelets |
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Definition
| Hemmorhage, splenectomy, inflammation |
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Term
| Components of a physical exam urinalysis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In urine: caused by bacteria, blood, crystals |
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Term
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Definition
| In urine: caused by infection (e.coli) |
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Term
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Definition
| In urine: caused by diabetes or starvation (ketones) |
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Term
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Definition
| In urine: caused by kidney stones, UTI, bladder cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| In urine: caused by vitamin B12 or dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
| In urine: caused by glomerulonephritis or bile pigments |
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Term
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Definition
| In urine: caused by urinary medication side effects |
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Term
| Components of a dipstick urinalysis (chemical exam) |
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Definition
| Specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketone, leukocyte esterase, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrates |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal = 1.000-1.030; quick hydration test; elevated with volume depletion; decreased with excessive fluid intake, diuretics or diabetes insipidus |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal is 5.0-8.0; increased with vomiting, urinary infections, kidney disease; decreased with aspirin overdose, starvation or alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal value = 0 because these are too large to pass through the glomerulus; if present associated with glomerulonephritis, hypertension and pre-eclampsia |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal value = 0, serum levels above 150-300 will cause this to be present in the urine; associated with diabetes, burns, pancreatitis, corticosteroid use, and Cushing's disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced from the breakdown of stored fat; associated with starvation or diabetic ketoacidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Detects enzymes released by white blood cells; associated with UTI |
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Term
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Definition
| By product of hemolysis; associated with biliary obstruction and liver injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with kidney stones, urinary tract infection, urinary trauma, strenuous exercise, bladder cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Bilirubin may interact with bacteria in the gut to produce this; associated with biliary obstruction or liver injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive result in urine indicates infection, however you may have an infection and still get a negative result |
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Term
| Normal values for a urinalysis microscopic exam |
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Definition
WBC: 0-5 per high power field
RBC: 0-3 per high power field |
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Term
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Definition
| What does Bence Jones Protein indicate? |
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Term
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Definition
| If found in a microscopic urinalysis they indicate kidney stones |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal protein formed during infection or inflammation; if red blood then indicate glomerulonephritis; if white blood then indicate pyelonephritis |
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Term
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Definition
| Conjugation of bilirubin; synthesis of proteins and clotting factors; storage and disposal of nutrients, drugs and toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT), Alkaline phosphatase, Bilirubin(conjugated and unconjugated), Albumin |
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Term
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) |
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Definition
| Normal value is 10-40 IU/liter; may be elevated with liver, muscle or cardiac injury; less specific |
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Term
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) |
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Definition
| Normal value is 5-35 IU/L; more sensitive for liver injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal value is 25-100 IU/L; elevated with bile duct obstruction; however it is not specific to the biliary tract and may be elevated with new bone cell production |
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Term
| Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) |
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Definition
| Elevated with liver injury or biliary obstruction; used as a marker for alcohol use; levels remain elevated 3-6 weeks after abstinence from alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated with hemolysis (form of bilirubin; not water soluble) |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated with bile duct obstruction (form of bilirubin; water soluble) |
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Term
| Markers of liver function |
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Definition
| Albumin and Prothrombin time |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal is 11-13 seconds; measures the extrinsic pathway of coagulation; Used to monitor patients on coumadin |
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Term
| Partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) |
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Definition
| Normal 24-35 seconds; measures intrinsic coagulation pathway; used to monitor patients on heparin |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal value = 12-60 IU/L; enzyme found in pancreas and salivary glands; peaks earlier and declines more rapidly with pancreas inflammation; less specific |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal value = 20-200 IU/L; takes longer to increase with pancreas inflammation but remains elevated longer; more specific |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal value = 135-145 mEq/L; major extracellular cation; involved with maintenance of blood and body fluids and conduction of impulses; regulated by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus |
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Term
| Hypernatremia (elevated sodium) |
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Definition
| >145 mEq/L; not enough water in the body(dehydration); vomitting and diarrhea; endocrine problems like SIADH, aldosteronism or diabetes insipidus |
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Term
| Hyponatremia (low sodium) |
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Definition
| Less than 135 mEq/L; too much water in the body (overhydration); endocrine problems such as Cushing's Disease |
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Term
| Elevated potassium (hyperkalemia) |
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Definition
| Greater than 5.5 mEq/L; cell injury, kidney failure, endocrine disorders such as Addison's |
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Term
| Hypokalemia (decreased potassium) |
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Definition
| Less than 3.5 mEq/L; malnutrition; vomiting and diarrhea; diuretics |
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Term
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Definition
| If elevated (>106 mEq/L) sign of dehydration or overactive parathyroid glands; if decreased (<96 mEq/L) sign of vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal = 1.8 - 2.6 mg/dL; if elevated sign of kidney disease and use of antacids; if decrease sign of poor diet, alcoholism, diarrhea or diuretics |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal value = 8.8 - 10.4 mg/dL; only the ionized form is metabolically active; important in muscle contraction, cardiac function nerve impulse, and blood clotting; if elevated indicates hyperparathyroid hormones, cancer or excessive vitamin D; if decreased indicates hypoparathyroid hormones, deficient protein or vitamin D deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed from carbohydrate digestion and conversion of glycogen to glucose by the liver; Insulin decreases this and glucagon increases it; fasting levels should be 60-126; elevated indicates diabetes, endocrine disorders, prednisone therapy or pancreatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal value is <5%; reflects the average blood glucose concentration over the past 2-3 months; useful for diabetes management |
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Term
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) |
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Definition
| Normal is 6-20 mg/dL; produced in the liver as waste from protein breakdown; has to be filtered by the kidneys and is excreted in the urine; if elevated indicates impaired kidney function, increased protein catabolism, dehydration; if decreased indicates liver failure, malnutrition or endocrine disorders (SIADH) |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal value is 0.9-1.3 in men and 0.6-1.1 in women; constant and correlates to muscle mass; assesses renal function; more sensitive and specific than BUN; elevated indicates impaired renal function or large muscle mass; decreased indicates decreased muscle mass or liver disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal 3.4-7.0 mg/dL; formed from the breakdown of nucleonic acids and is the end product of purine metabolism; increased with gout, leukemia and renal failure |
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Term
| TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) |
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Definition
| Normal 0.4-4.2 mIU/L; if elevated indicates hypothyroidism; if decreased indicates hyperthyroidism |
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Term
| T4(thyroxine) and T3(triiodothyronine) |
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Definition
| If elevated indicate hyperthyroidism; if decreased indicate hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| Marker of inflammation (microbiology test) |
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Term
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Definition
| Marker of clotting process; useful to screen for venous thrombosis (DVT or PE) |
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Term
| Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) |
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Definition
| Hormone produced by the ventricles of the heart; increased with ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload; increased with congestive heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbiology test used when bacteremia is suspected |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbiology test used when urinary infection or pyelonephritis is suspected |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbiology test used when streptococcal pharyngitis is suspected |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbiology test used to diagnose pneumonia |
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