Acquird Immunodeficiency Syndrome

(AIDS)

• results from HIV infection
• rate progression varies among individuals
  • genetics
  • immunce function
  • viral genetics

• a gamma globulin protein that is formed in the bodily fluids of vertebrates
• used by the immune system to recognize bacteria and viruses
• bind to pathognes the keep them from entering or damaging cells
• stimulate macrophages and leucocytes
• also known as Ig (immunoglobulins)

• the various daily cycles that influence and affect the physiology and metabolism processes of organisms
  • ex:  body temp

• rhythms that are expressed in the absence of external cues

• the state when an organism's circadian rhythms fall out of synchronization with the external environmental cues
  • ex:  jet lag

• Externally, our biological clock is to a large extent regulated by the daily cycle of light and dark
• Internal response to this cycle is controlled by the ________ ________ which receives input from the optic nerve

• the ability of a solution to absorb, thereby blocking the passage of the light through the solution.
• a measurement of light not passing through the solution
• also known as optical density
• measured on a logarithmic scale

• the relationship between the absorbance of solution and the concentration of the solution
• expressed as A=kc
  • A - absorbance
  • k - some constant
  • c - concentration

• a device for measuring the absorbance of a solution

• a measurement of the amount of light passing through a solution
• measured on a linear scale

• The contraction of a cell due to exposure to a hypertonic solution
  • shrinks

• the random movement of a particle down its concentration gradient
  • passive process

• lysing of red blood cells
  • swells, hypotonic

• the ability of a plasma membrane to allow some substances to cross, while restricting others

• a substance to be dissolved by a particular solvent

• the substance that dissolves a particular solute

• concentration of the non-permeating solutes

• glands that secrete various enzymes and fluids into the digestve tract

• an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar

• test for the presence of reducing sugars
  • blue - no glucose present
  • brick red/brown - glucose present

• detects the presence of peptide bonds
  • violet - positive

• test for the presence of starch
  • blue/black - positive

• breakdown of materials using water

• proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

• is a molecule that will stimulate the production of antibodies against it

• enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• detects the presence of an antibody or antigen in a sample
  • we used horseradish peroxidise

• glycoprotien 120
• found on the surface of the HIV enevelope
• binds to the receptors of T_H cells
• once bound the envelope fuses with the T_H plasma membrane and the viral components are taken into the cell by way of receptor mediated endocytosis

• T helper cells, are a group of leukocytes that establish and maximize overall immunological response
• cannot destroy infected host cells or pathogens
• important in activating and directing the activity of other immune cells

• Human immunodeficiency Virus
• enveloped retrovirus that causes AIDS
• high mutation is due to the high error rate of the HIV reverse transcriptase
  • most DNA polymerases tend to have some proofreading abiltiy, reverse transcriptase appears to have little to no proofreading ability

• an RNA virus that replicates itself in a host cell using the enzyme reverse transcriptase

• several motor units responding to stimulus are not synchronized with respect to contraction

• depletion of oxygen and glucose
• accumulation of lactic acid
• can affect muscle contraction and relaxation

• muscle tension without a shortening of the muscle

• muscles do not respond immediately after a stiumuls has occured
• the period of time between stimulus and response

• functional contractile unit of a muscle
• consists of nerve fiber and one or more muscle fibers

• sensitive spots where a strong muscular response can be produced with electrical stimlation

• the situation where as the stimulus increases, more motor units are called into play

• overall strength of a muscle contraciton due to the effect of one or more motor units operating at the same time is the summation

• occurs as muslce fibers are contracting again before they have had a chance to completely relax
• occurs due to an increased rate of stimulation

• a steady state of muscle contraction

• active
  • becoming aware of your body and your physiological reactions so that you may reduce your level of arousal

• the pituitary gland has been removed

• another term for the pituitary gland

• a drug used to treat hyperthyroidism decreasing the amount of thyroxine and othe hormones secreted by the thyroid gland
• will decrease metabolic rate as it is antagonistic to thyroxine

• thyroid gland has been removed

• TSH
  • a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
  • regulates the production of thyrozine by the thyroid

• TRH
  • a hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates TSH production by the pituitary gland

• a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland
• important in metabolism and regulation of body temperature

• regulate the secretion of other hormones

• increase metabolism

• no effect

• increase metabolism

• lower

• have no effect