Term
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Definition
| ability to distinguish 2 adjacent objects as discrete entities or the shortest distance between two objects that can be distinguished. |
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Term
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Definition
| system of 2 lenses that creates a virtual image magnified 10 times |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrates the light rays |
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Term
| purpose of the iris diaphragm |
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Definition
| regulates the amount of light |
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Term
| Purpose of the revolving nosepiece |
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Definition
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Term
| The resolution is a function of the _______ and _____ of the light |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 ways to increase resolution |
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Definition
| manipulate the condenser, use a shorter wavelength of light (blue), or use immersion oil |
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Term
| Common features of bacteria |
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Definition
| all unicellular prokaryotes, all have rigid cell walls, motility is due to structural appendages (flagella), multiply by binary fission |
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Term
| Bacteria are in the kingdom _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Protozoa and algae are in the kingdom ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi include ___ and ___ and are in the kingdom _____. |
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Definition
| Yeasts and Molds, myceteae |
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Term
| Common features of Protozoa |
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Definition
| all unicellular eukaryotes, usually motile, no cell wall, no chlorophyll, live on organic food |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotic algae is blue-green and all others are eukaryotic, can be unicellular colonial or filamentous |
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Term
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Definition
| are eukaryotic, no chlorophyll, cell walls of chitin, propagate by spores, live on dead organic materials or are parasites |
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Term
| Difference in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton, reproduction |
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Definition
Prokaryotes: no nucleus, no membranepbound organelles, no cytoskeleton, fragmentary reproduction
Eukaryotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton, meiosis |
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Term
| ___ spores exist in dust and air. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are microscopic eukaryotes but are larger than bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| Single colony isolation is based on differences in what three characteristics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What charge are acidic dyes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What charge dose the cell wall of bacteria have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the advantages of a wet mount? |
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Definition
| cells retain their natural environment, and allows for observation of motility |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a stained preparation? |
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Definition
| Cells are easier to resolve, cellular inclusions can be seen with proper staining |
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Term
| What is a disadvantage of a stained preparation? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ stains are used for morphological studies with a single dye. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ stains are used to divide bacteria into important groups according to their reaction to various dyes. |
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Definition
| Differential stains (gram and acid-fast) |
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Term
| ___ stains stain part of a bacteria, not the whole bacteria. such as spores, flagella, or capsules. |
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Definition
| structural stains (capsular, flagella, endospore) |
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Term
| ____ stains stain the background instead of the bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ stains are used for bacteria with waxy cells walls. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ stains are used to differentiate organisms that are very similar morphologically based on the difference in cell wall structure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram pos/neg have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall and stain purple or bluish. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharide, glycoprotein, or polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Purpose of a mordant in a gram stain |
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Definition
| to intensify the action of the crystal violet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 5 similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Definition
| Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids of similar composition, same kind of metabolic machinery |
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Term
| Advantages of a wet mount |
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Definition
| Cells retain their natural environment, allows for observation of motility |
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Term
| Advantages of a stained preparation |
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Definition
| cells are easier to resolve, cellular inclusions can be seen (spores and flagella) w/ proper staining procedures |
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Term
| Gram positive/negative have a thin layer of peptidoglycan. Gram positive/negative have a thick layer of peptidoglycan. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| treated with basic dye, mordant (fixes dye), decolorize with alcohol or acetone, counter stain with safranin |
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Term
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Definition
| objectives can be switched without needing to refocus much |
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Term
| Relative size of each microorganism from smallest to biggest. |
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Definition
| bacteria < yeast < prokaryotic algae < protozoa < eukaryotic algae |
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Term
| Kingdom monera, prokaryotic, unicellular organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| possible shapes of bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| Kingdom protista organisms ::: eukaryotes or prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| protozoa, algae ... eukaryotes |
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Term
| Kingdom Myceteae are ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Single-celled fungi with no mycelium. grow by spores. |
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Definition
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Term
| more complicated fungi wtih mycelium and hyphae (filamentous) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotes, heterotrophic, chitin cell walls |
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Term
| Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have glycocalyces? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have cytoskeletons? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ streaks allow for single colony isolations, while ____ streaks do not. |
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Definition
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Term
| Morphology includes what 4 things |
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Definition
| size, shape, structure (capsule, spore, flagella, etc), arrangement |
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Term
| morphology can be viewed in ___ preparations |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ stains are negatively charge, whereas ___ stains are positively charged and ____ stains are neutrally charged. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ stains use a single dye and allow us to see the size, shape, and arrangment of cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a Ziehl-Neelson stain, an acid fast cell stains what color? A non-acid fast cell stains what color? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acid fast cells have a thin/thick lipid layer. Non-acid fast cells have a thin/thick lipid layer. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ bacteria, which are used in the oxidase test have a lophotrichous flagellar arrangement. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are indicative of a virulent organism. |
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Definition
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Term
| a ____ stain is a combo of simple and negative staining. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria with no flagella |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria with lots of flagella at one end |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of Lophotrichous bacteria |
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Definition
| pseudomonas, as in the oxidase test |
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Term
| ___ bacteria have one flagella at one end |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ bacteria have one flagella at both ends |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ bacteria have many flagella at both ends. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutagenic effects of UV radiation |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis of cytosine, which destabilizes DNA :: formation of thymine dimers ::: Distortion of double helix of DNA |
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Term
| Example of a peritrichous bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| Process of photoreactivation |
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Definition
| enzymatic cleavage of thymine dimers by PR enzyme or photolyase :: activated by visible light :: uses light as energy |
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Term
| Biochemical excision repair process |
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Definition
| Excision of damaged bases and reconstruction of a functional DNA from undamaged fragments, hydrolysis of ATP for energy |
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Term
| ___ isa chemical agent that can be safely used externally on living tissues to destroy microorganisms or to inhibit their growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a chemical agent used on inanimate objects to destroy microorganisms when heat can not be used. |
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Definition
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Term
| The higher/lower the phenol coefficient, the more effective the disinfectant. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria-coated toothpicks soaked in disinfectant... what method? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ method tests susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobials... the zone indicates effectiveness. |
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Definition
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