• provides an overall framework for all other structures in teh body
• consists of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
• each bone  is a dynamic consists of several different tissue
• changes to bone at the tissue level can change the overall shape and length of a bone

1. Skull

• Cranial bones - 8
• Facial Bones - 14

1. Hyoid Bone -1 
2. Auditory Ossicles - 6
3. Vertebral Column - 26
4. Thorax

• Sternum - 1
• Ribs - 24

Subtotal: 80

1.       Pectoral girdles (shoulders)

a.       Scapula -2

b.      Clavicle -2

2.       Upper Limb

a.       Humerus -2

b.      Radius – 2

c.       Ulna 2

d.      Carpals – 16

e.      Metatarsals – 10

f.        Philanges – 28

3.       Pelvic Girlde

a.       Hip or Coxal Bone - 2

4.       Lower Limb

a.       Femur – 2

b.      Patella

c.       Tibia – 2

d.      Fibula -2

e.      Tarsals – 14

f.        Metatarsals – 10

g.       Philanges – 28

subtotal = 126

• Structural Functions

1. Protection
2. Movement
3. Support

• Homeostatic Functions

1. Mineral storage
2. Production of blood cells
3. Triglyceride storage

Irregular Bone

Vertebra

Flat Bone

Sternum

Long Bone

Humerus

Short Bone

Trapezoid, Wrist Bone

Sesamoid Bone

Patella

1. Proximal epiphysis
2. Metaphysis
3. Diaphysis
4. Metaphysis
5. Distal epiphysis
6. Articular cartilage
7. Nutrient artery in the nutrient foramen
8. Medullary cavity
9. Periosteum
10. Compact bone
11. Endosteum
12. Epiphyseal plate
13. Red bone marrow
14. spongy bone
15. articular cartilage

• Curved at the ends for strength
• Curvature allows it to absorb stress at different points to ensure even distribution (if the bones were straight, it would cuase uneven stress distribution and cause more fractures).

REgions of a Long Bone

1. Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone; contains adipose tissue and bone marrow
2. Metaphysis (2)
3. Epiphysis (2) [Distal and proximal]; rounded ends of the long bones at the joints
4. Marrow Cavity (1)

Surface Tissue

1. Endosteum  
2. Periosteum
3. Articular Cartilage

• Tissue Surface of Long Bone
•  a thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity, contains bone-forming cells

• Tissue surface of long bone
• Tough connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. 
• Contains bone-forming cells that enable bone to grow in thickness. 
• Protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish osseous tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.

• Tissue Surface of Long Bone
• Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. 
• Reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints

• Cube shaped (equal in length and width)
• Provide stability with little movement
• Examples: carpals and tarsals

• Thin
• Used for portection
• Provide considerable surface for muscle attachment
• Examples: Sternum, ribs, shoulder blades

• have complex shapes that cannot be grouped with any other bone shape
• Examples: Vertebrae, calcaneus, hip bones

• Shaped like a SESame sead
• Located where there is considerable tension, friction, and physical stress
• Protect tendons from wear and tear by changing the direction of the pull of the tendon, improving the mechanical advantage of the joint
• Examples: patella

• They provide anatomical landmarks
• They develop as the periosteum of the bone but then they are pulled by the tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and fasciae, causing new osteaus tissue to be deposited as raised or rough areas

• A type of surface marking
• provide space for the passage of soft tissues
• take part in joints
• results from compression of the bone surface

• A type of bone surface marking
• helps form joints
• provide attachmetns of connective tissue

Skull

1.Cranial Portion

2.Facial Portion

Pectoral Girdle

3.Clavicle

4.Scapula

Thorax

5.Sternum

6.Ribs

Upper Limb

7.Humerus

8.Ulna

9.Radius

10.Carpals

11.Metacarpals

12.Philanges

Lower Limb

13.Femur

14.Patella

15.Tibia

16.Fibula

17.Tarsals

18.Metatarsals

19.Philanges

20.Vertebral Column

21.Pectoral Girdle

22.Vertebral Column

23.Pectoral Girdle

Axial: Skull, Spinal column, sternum, ribs, 

Appendicular: pectoral girdle, upper limb, lower limb, pelvic girdle

• Protect the brain
• Protect sensory organs
• Provide muscle attachment
• Entry for digestive and respiratory tracts

Anterior View of Skull

1. frontal bone
2. parietal bone
3. sphenoid bone
4. vomer
5. mandible
6. nasal bone
7. temporal bone
8. zygomatic bone
9. maxilla

Right Lateral View of Skull

1. parietal bone
2. temporal bone
3. occipital bone
4. mandible
5. maxilla
6. nasal bone
7. zygomatic bone
8. sphenoid bone
9. frontal bone

Midsagittal view of skull

1. parietal bone
2. temporal bone
3. occipital bone
4. mandible
5. maxilla
6. vomer
7. sphenoid bone
8. nasal bone
9. frontal bone

• AKA spine
• Made of vertebrae and bones made of fused vertebrae
• Curves increase flexibility and strength
• Curves develop because of forces acting on developing bones

1. Cervical region - 7
2. Thoracic - 12
3. Lumbar - 5
4. Intervertebral discs
5. Sacrum
6. Coccyx

• When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 18–21, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by osseous tissue and the resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line.

• A process that forms a joint
• A large, rounded projection at the end of a bone
• Example: lateral condyle of the femur

• Depression
• A type of opening that allows passage of blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments
• Ex: The optic forament of the sphenoid bone

• Depression
• A shallow depression
• Ex: the coronoid fossa of the humerus

• Depression
• A furrow along a bone that accomodates blood vessels, nerves, and tendons
• Example: The intertubular surface of the humerus

• Tyep of depression
• A tube like opening
• Example: the external auditory meatus of the temporal bone