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| List the 5 strata of the epidermis and their description |
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Definition
Stratum Basale – deepest stratum
Stratum Spinosum – contains tonofilaments
Stratum Granulosum – contains granules
Stratum Lucidum – present only in thick skin
Stratum Corneum - superficial stratum |
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| mitotically active producing cells for the superficial layers |
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| produce the pigment MELANIN contained in melanosomes |
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| protects the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation in sunlight, gives skin its color |
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| at the epidermal-dermal junction associate with free nerve endings to form Merkel Discs which act as Touch receptors |
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| hold cells together which cause the cells to appear “spiny” during histological preparation |
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| – intermediate filaments contained in cells |
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| Epidermal dendritic cells, act as macrophages to engulf and digest pathogens |
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| contain Glycolipids which make the epidermis water-proof |
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| contain the tough, insoluble protein, Keratin, which makes the epidermis tough and abrasive-resistant |
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| form in thick skin, the surface of the papillary layer forms impressions on the epidermal surface called the EPIDERMAL RIDGES (= friction ridges) – increase friction and enhance gripping |
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| touch receptors for deep pressure, located in the reticular layer of the dermis, respond to deep pressure placed on the skin |
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| epidermal-dermal junctions |
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| wrapped around the base of a hair follicle called the hair bulb, stimulated when the hair bends |
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Definition
| Abundant in the palms, soles and forehead, Secrete SWEAT, Use the MEROCRINE mode of secretion |
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Definition
Secrete via MEROCRINE mode of secretion
Secretion is associated with body odor hence, the apocrine sweat glands are also known as “ODORIFEROUS” glands |
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| specialized sweat glands located in the lining of the external ear canal; secrete CERUMEN (earwax) a bitter substance which prevents entry of foreign objects |
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| specialized sweat glands located in breasts; secrete milk to feed the young |
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| Secretes SEBUM an oily substance called into hair follicles and via pores to the surface of the skin, Secrete via the HOLOCRINE mode of secretion |
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| region exposed above the skin |
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Definition
| region below the skin enclosed by the hair follicle |
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Definition
| Produced by cells in the MATRIX inside hair follicles |
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| arrector pili muscles function |
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Definition
| contract pulling the hair follicles and hairs from an oblique position to an upright position, layer of air can be trapped on the surface of skin to act as an insulator to prevent heat loss from the body |
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Term
| 5 majors parts of the axial skeleton |
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Definition
Skull
Auditory ossicles
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Bony thorax |
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Term
| 4 major parts of the appendicular skeleton |
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Definition
Pectoral girdle
Upper extremities
Pelvic girdle
Lower extremities |
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| point of attachment for tongue and many neck muscles |
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| Vertebral column consists of |
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Definition
| cervical, thoracic, & lumbar, intervertebral disks, sacrum & coccyx |
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| 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, costal cartilage |
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| humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarples & phalanges |
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| 2 coxal bones (hip bones) |
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Definition
| femur, patellae, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, & phalanges |
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Definition
| smooth and homogenous, solid but space for blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels which provide needed substances and carry away waste products. Its main function is to support the whole body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. |
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Definition
| latticework of trabeculae w/ lots of open space. Softer and has a lot of open space. Can be found typically at the end of long bone, proximal to joints and within the interior of the vertebrae. It frequently contains red bone marrow |
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| much longer than wide, mostly compact bone, examples- femur (thigh bone) & phalanges (bones in fingers) |
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| cube shaped, more spongy than compact bone, examples- carpels (wrist bones) & tarsals (ankle bones). |
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| not short, long or flat example- vertebra |
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| thin with two very thin layers of compact bone with an inner core of spongy bone, bone may be curved, examples- bones of the cranium & scapula (sholder) |
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| smooth shaft composed of compact bone |
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| “around bone”, fibrous membrane covering the entire bone except the joint surfaces. Richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves, which enter the bone |
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| : fibers that secure the periosteum to the bone |
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| “within bone”, delicate fibrous membrane. Lines internal bone surfaces. |
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| bone resorbing cells, only found in living bones. Found in periosteum and endosteum. |
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| the end of a long bone, composed of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing a mass of spongy bone |
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| covers the epiphyseal (joint) surfaces; composed of hyaline cartilage; provides smooth articulating surface (low friction) |
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Definition
| (growth plate) disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone. In an adult, cartilage is replaced by bone and the plate becomes a barely discernable “epiphyseal line”. |
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Definition
| adipose tissue stored in the medullary cavity. |
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| involved with forming blood cells. Located in marrow cavities of infant bones, confined to the interior of the epiphysis (between the trabeculae) in adult bones. |
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Definition
| structural unit of compact bone; consists of central canal and the lamellae surrounding it. |
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| Central (Haversian) canal |
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Definition
| runs parallel to the long axis of the bone. Carries blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels. |
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| mature bones cells (housed in lacunae). |
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| chambers arranged in concentric circles that house osteocytes. |
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| concentric circles of bone surrounding the central canal (tree rings). |
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| tiny canals radiating outward from the central canal which connect the osteocytes to the nutrient supply. |
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| canals which run (perpendicular to the central canal) from the periosteum to the medullary cavity |
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| 2 divisions of the skeleton and their major parts |
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Definition
1. Axial: Head, neck and trunk
2. Appendicular: Bones of the limbs |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of the hyoid bone |
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Definition
Not a facial bone
Located in throat
Above larynx
Attachment for tongue
Attachment for many neck muscles |
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Definition
| Mucous lined cavities that lead to nasal cavities |
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| Function of vertebral column |
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Definition
| Surrounds and protects the spinal cord while allowing the spinal nerves to issue from the spinal cord through the openings |
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Definition
made of fibrocartilage
(cushion and absorb shock) |
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Term
| composition of vertebral column |
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Definition
Vertebrae (24 total)
7 cervical (neck)
12 thoracic (chest)
5 lumbar (lower back)
and 2 composite, or fused, bones
sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
coccyx (3-4 fused vertebrae) |
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Definition
rounded central portion of the vertebra
faces anteriorly in the human spinal column. |
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| composition of vertebral arch |
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Definition
| composed of pedicles laminae and the spinous process |
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Definition
| Opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch |
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| vertebrae transverse process |
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Definition
| Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch |
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Term
| vertebrae spinous process |
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Definition
single medial and posterior
projection from the vertebral arch. |
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Term
| vertebrae superior articular process |
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Definition
| face toward the spinous process. |
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Term
| vetebrae inferior articular process |
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Definition
| face away from the spinous process. |
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Term
| 2 cervical vertebrae characteristics |
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Definition
Wide body
Transverse foramen |
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| 3 thoracic vertebrae characteristics |
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Definition
Heart-shaped body
Costal facets on transverse processes
Long, sharp spinous process, points down |
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| 2 lumbar vertebrae characteristics |
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Definition
Kidney-shaped body
short hatchet-shaped spinous processes, points straight back |
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Definition
lacks a body
lateral masses receive the occipital condyles of the skull. |
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Definition
acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas (and skull)
has a large vertical process called the dens (odontoid process) that serves as the pivot point |
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| Sacrum: Medial sacral crest |
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Definition
| remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae |
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Definition
formed by the fusion of the transverse processes,
articulate laterally with the hipbones |
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| Sacrum: Sacral promontory |
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Definition
anterior border of the
body of the sacrum |
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Definition
| Composite bone formed from the fusion of 5 vertebrae |
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Definition
| Formed from the fusion of 3 to 5 irregularly shaped vertebrae |
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Definition
| 3 fused bones: Manubrium, Body, & Xiphoid process |
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Definition
12 pairs of ribs
- 1-7= true (vertebrosternal) ribs
8-12= false ribs
8-10: vertebrochondral
11-12: floating |
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| pectoral girdle composition |
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Definition
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Definition
attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
serve as attachment points for many trunk and neck muscles |
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| site of muscle and ligament attachment |
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| small rounded projection or process |
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| very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process |
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Definition
| rounded articular projection |
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| raised area on or above condyle |
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| sharp, slender, often pointed projection |
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| Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent |
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| narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest |
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| allow blood vessels and nerves to pass |
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| round or oval opening through a bone |
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| Narrow, slit-like opening |
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| shallow, basin-like depression (often serving as an articular surface) |
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| 2 ways of classifying joints |
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Definition
Functional Classification - based on amount of movement allowed at the joint
Structural Classification - based on the material binding the body and the absence or the presence of a joint cavity |
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| bones joined together by dense CT; joint cavity absent |
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| cartilage connects the bones; joint cavity absent |
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