Term
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Definition
| area where tendon or ligament attach to bone |
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Term
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Definition
projection
narrow ridge of bone |
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Term
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Definition
projection
upon/ on top of condyle (rounded facet) |
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Term
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Definition
projection
less pronounced (than crest) ridge of bone |
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Term
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Definition
projection
prominent outgrowth/projection |
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Term
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Definition
projection
outgrowth, bump |
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Term
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Definition
projection
arm or branch of bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
projection
large* greek for runner, found on femur |
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Term
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Definition
projection
small, knob like bump |
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Term
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Definition
projection
large, knob like bump |
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Term
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Definition
| where bones connect at a joint or articulate with each other |
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Term
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Definition
articulation
rounded process/facet for articulation |
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Term
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Definition
articulation
flattened surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
depression
valley, shallow basin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
depression
indentation on edge |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
opening
hole all the way through bone |
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Term
|
Definition
opening
hole through bone, twists and turns through |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
axial skeleton
(80 bones total) |
|
Definition
SKULL (28)
+cranium (8)
+facial bones (14)
+middle ear bones (6)
HYOID BONE(1)
+only non attached bone, attached by muscle only (1)
RIB CAGE (25)
+true ribs 7 (14)
+ false ribs (floating/not attached to sternum) 5 (10)
+ sternum (manubrim, body/corpus, xiphoid process) (1)
VERTABRAE (33)
+cervical (7)
+thoracic (12) (like ribs)
+lumbar (5)
+sacral (5) fused together
+coxyl (4) some people have extra |
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Term
| appendicular skeleton (126) |
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Definition
PECTORAL GIRDLE (4)
+clavicle (2)
+scapula (2)
UPPER LIMBS(60)
+humerous (2)
+radius (2)
+ulna (2)
+carpals 8 (16)
+metacarpals 5 (10)
+phalanges 14 (28)
PELVIC GIRDLE (2)
+os coxa- (illium, ischium, pubis) (2)
*** really 6 bones when including 3 types on each side
LOWER LIMBS (60)
+femur (2)
+tibia (2)
+fibula (2)
+patella (2)
+tarsals 7 (14)
+meta tarsals 5 (10)
+phalanges 14 (28) |
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Term
what does hyoid bone do?
what is special about it? |
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Definition
supports the tongue
it is the only bone not attached. It is only attached by muscle |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of ribs |
|
Definition
ribs- 12 on each side (24 total)
true ribs- 7 on each side (14 total)
false ribs-(attached by shared cartilage) 5 on each side (10 total)
**2 of these 5 are floating (don't attach to sternum) |
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Term
| what are the three bones that make up the sternum? |
|
Definition
manubrim
body (corpus)
xiphoid process |
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Term
| what is the axial skeleton composed of? |
|
Definition
skull
rib cage (ribs and sternum)
vertebrae
hyoid bone |
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Term
| what is the appendicular skeleton composed of? |
|
Definition
pectoral girdle(scapula and clavicle) and upper limbs
pelvic girdle (os coxa) and lower limbs |
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Term
| what are the three bones of the os coxa? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the functions of bone |
|
Definition
support/protect softer tissues
provide points of attachment for muscles
house blood producing cells |
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Term
| organic and inorganic percentages of bone? |
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Definition
organic- 1/3- cells and collagen fibers
inorganic 2/3- hydroxyapatite/ calcium phosphate |
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|
Term
where is articular cartilage ?
where is the costal cartilage?
what are these cartilages composed of? |
|
Definition
articular- on suffices of movable joints
costal- connects ribs to sternum
both composed of hyaline cartilage |
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Term
| what cartilage is between the vertebrae? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
examples of
long
short
irregular
flat
sesamoid |
|
Definition
long- femur, ulna, radius, metacarpal, metatarsal
short- tarsals, carpals
irregular- sphenoid, vertebra
sesamoid- patella
flat- ribs, scapula, cranial bones such as parietal |
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|
Term
osteon
also known as ______ |
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Definition
cylinder shaped unit
haversian system |
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Term
central canal
also know as |
|
Definition
center of osteon, contains blood vessels and nerves
haversian canal; osteonic canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| concentric rings of matrix around the central canal |
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Term
|
Definition
a bone cell embedded in cellular matrix into a space called a lacuna
(originally was an osteoblast) |
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Term
| bone extracellular matrix is made of |
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Definition
| collagen and calcium phosphate |
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Term
|
Definition
gets blood to osteon from central canal
"minute tube containing cellular process" |
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Term
|
Definition
| how the blood gets to the central canal (comes through periosteum) |
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Term
epiphyses
proximal vs distal |
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Definition
ends of bones
proximal- nearest torso
distal-farthest from torso |
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Term
|
Definition
| growth zone (consisting of hyaline cartilage) |
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Term
|
Definition
| replaces epiphyseal plate when growing is done (closed epiphyseal plate) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| struts and plates within spongey bone |
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Term
|
Definition
red bone marrow- produces blood cells,platelets, located in spongey bone in some epiphyses and flat bones
yellow bone marrow- storage site for adipose, located in medullary cavity
**can be converted if necessary |
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|
Term
spongey bone
also known as |
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Definition
cancellous bone
found within epiphyses
has trabeculae |
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|
Term
compact bone
also known as |
|
Definition
dense bone
forms diaphysis and is found on surfaces of epiphyses |
|
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Term
| articular cartilage is found |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
membrane around bone (except on articular cartilage)
made of dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
thin membrane around inner bone (medullary cavity)
made of reticular connective tissue |
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Term
| what are the bone markings on the humerus? |
|
Definition
tubercles (near head)
head
sulcus (narrow groove near head and tubercles)
tuberosity (on shaft)
condyle (rounded process on end)
fossa (valley above condyle) |
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Term
| what are the bone markings on the femur? |
|
Definition
head
fovea (on head)
trochanters (large moon shaped protrusion under head)
line (along shaft)
2 condyles
2 epicondyles (above condyles) |
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Term
| skull (lateral view) bone markings |
|
Definition
sinuses
alveolus (socket beneath tooth)
ramus (side of mandible)
meatus (ear)
process (edge of back of skull, below meatus) |
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Term
| scapula (posterior view) markings |
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Definition
process (part that pokes out)
spine (ridge of process)
fossae (2 valleys) |
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Term
| thoracic vertebrae bone markings |
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Definition
facets (flat articulation)
process (where protruding facets are located) |
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Term
|
Definition
notch (dips in side of bone)
spine (pointy protrusion between notches)
tuberosity (large bump)
foramen obturator
tubercle (small bump)
ramus (handle like part) |
|
|
Term
| what are the bone markings on the humerus? |
|
Definition
tubercles (near head)
head
sulcus (narrow groove near head and tubercles)
tuberosity (on shaft)
condyle (rounded process on end)
fossa (valley above condyle) |
|
|
Term
| what are the bone markings on the femur? |
|
Definition
head
fovea (on head)
trochanters (large moon shaped protrusion under head)
line (along shaft)
2 condyles
2 epicondyles (above condyles) |
|
|
Term
| skull (lateral view) bone markings |
|
Definition
sinuses
alveolus (socket beneath tooth)
ramus (side of mandible)
meatus (ear)
process (edge of back of skull, below meatus) |
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|
Term
| scapula (posterior view) markings |
|
Definition
process (part that pokes out)
spine (ridge of process)
fossae (2 valleys) |
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Term
| thoracic vertebrae bone markings |
|
Definition
facets (flat articulation)
process (where protruding facets are located) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
notch (dips in side of bone)
spine (pointy protrusion between notches)
tuberosity (large bump)
foramen obturator
tubercle (small bump)
ramus (handle like part) |
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|
Term
| general features of epithelial tissues |
|
Definition
- avascular
- tightly packed single or multiple layers of cells
-always have an apical surface
-always have a basal surface
-cover external/internal surfaces and most glands |
|
|
Term
where can you find simple squamous epithelium
functions |
|
Definition
linings of blood vessels
diffusion, filtration |
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|
Term
where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium
functions |
|
Definition
linings of kidney tubules
secretion, absorbtion |
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|
Term
where can you find simple columnar epithelium
functions
what do they have? |
|
Definition
stomach and intestines
goblet cells, microvilli
absorption,secretion, protection |
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|
Term
where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?
functions |
|
Definition
the skin, vagina
protection, resists abrasion |
|
|
Term
| where can you find transitional epithelium? |
|
Definition
the bladder
stretching/ expanding
, protection |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of connective tissues |
|
Definition
bind structures
provide support/protection
fill spaces
store fat
and transport blood cells
abundance of extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| what are the two things that make up extracellular matrix |
|
Definition
ground substance- support/medium for movement
and fibers- collagen, reticular, elastic |
|
|
Term
what does each of the connective tissues look like and where is it found?
areolar
reticular
adipose
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic connective
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
compact bone
blood |
|
Definition
areolar- loose, collagen, some elastic fibers, lots of ground substance. loosely binds organs, found around organs
reticular-lots of reticular fibers (web like), supportive framework, spleen
adipose-closely packed cells, signet ring form, insulates, stores, found in breasts
dense regular- wavy lines of collagen in same direction, tightly binds, tendons and ligaments
dense irregular- collagen in random directions, durable, sustains tissue tension in all directions, found in skin
elastic connective- densely packed,elastic fibers, provides elasticity, found in vocal cords
hyaline cartilage- groups of chondrocytes,solid matrix, collagen fibers, supports/protects. found in nasal septum and ends of long bones
fibrocartilage- abundant collagen fibers (thick looking) found between vertebrae
elastic cartilage- weblike elastic fibers, with chondrocytes, found on outside ear
compact bone- found in bone shafts
spongey bone- ends of long bones
blood- heart chambers, blood vessels
lymph- lumens of lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| why are fibroblasts important? |
|
Definition
| in healing, when you get cut or injured fibers are layer down |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which connective tissues have fluid gel matrix? |
|
Definition
areolar, adipose, reticular
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic connective |
|
|
Term
| which connective tissues have solid gel matrix? |
|
Definition
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
white fat- stores nutrients
brown fat- in babies and adults have it on back of neck, regulates hear |
|
|
Term
| what is ground substance mostly |
|
Definition
water
glucosamine
chondroitins |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of epidermis |
|
Definition
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale |
|
|
Term
| stratum corneum characteristics |
|
Definition
many layers of keratinized, dead epithelial cells
resists water loss |
|
|
Term
| stratun lucidium characteristics |
|
Definition
nuclei, organelles, and plasma membranes no longer visible, cells are clear.
*only found on soles and palms of thick skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3-5 layers of flattened grainy cells,
contains shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
many layers
centrally located large nuclei
**develop keratin fibers
*become flattened closer to surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single row
cuboidal or columnar cells
includes melanocytes
frequent cell division
some cells become parts of more superficial layers |
|
|
Term
| which layer of epidermis has no nucleus, organelles, or p membrane visible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which epidermis layer has flattened cells, and contains shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which epidermis layer has many layers with large visible nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which epidermis layer develops fibers of keratin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epidermis layer where cell division occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which epidermis layer contains melanocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissues make up the hypodermic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissue makes up the dermis? |
|
Definition
| irregular dense connective |
|
|
Term
what is endosteom made of
periosteum? |
|
Definition
reticular connective tissue
peri-dense irregular ct |
|
|
Term
| types of cell connections |
|
Definition
tight junctions- form permeability layer (leaky and non leaky)
gap junctions- allow intercellular communication
hemidesmisone- attaches to basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| areolar binds _____ to _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elastic connective is found |
|
Definition
| in the vocal cords (looks like long strips of collagen and elastic) |
|
|
Term
| reticular connective is found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elastic cartilage is found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the loose connective tissues?
what are the dense connective tissues?
what are the cartilages? |
|
Definition
loose= adipose, areolar, reticular connective
dense- dense irreg, dense reg, elastic connective
cart- elastic, fibro, hyaline |
|
|
Term
names for
red blood cell
white blood cell
platelets |
|
Definition
red- erythrocyte
white- leukocyte
platelet- thrombocyte |
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|
