Vertebrates

Why are they easily preserved?

What do they have?

Where are their limbs from?

Kingdom/Phylum?

Date back to...?

Example?

More easily preserved because of their "hard parts"

Have teeth!

Limbs from fish (lobe finned)

Animal Kingdom; Phylum Chordata

Date back to the Cambrian

Example: humans

Protist Kingdom

-Phylum groups

Foraminifera

Radiolarian

Diatoms

Foraminifera

Level in ocean.

Environment?

What happens when they die? Creates what when this happens?

Date back to...?

Planktonic or benthic

Always marine

When they die, their carbonate hard parts literally "rain" onto the seafloor, creating calcareous ooze

Date back to Cambrian

Radiolarian

Environment/level in ocean

Composition

Contribute to...?

Date back to...?

Marine planktonic protists composed of opaline silica Contribute to the formation of siliceous oozes on the sea floor

Started in Cambrian

Diatoms

What are they?

Ocean level and composition?

Unicellular or Multicellular?

Date back to...?

Two body shapes?

Microscopic photosynthetic algae

Planktonic and composed of SiO4 (thus they contribute to siliceous ooze)

Mostly unicellular

Started in Jurassic-Present (living fossils)

Body shapes: centric(circular, planktonic) or pennate(bilateral symmetry, benthic)

Porifera (sponges)

Ostrocods

Conodonts

Porifera

Composition

Date back to...?

Sea level and environment

(good or bad facies indicator?)

Type of feeder

Type of fossil record

Kingdom

Composed of spicules only spicules are fossilized and have been found in rocks as old as the Precambrian

Living fossils; one of very first animals to ever evolve Benthic, marine- shallow, warm, stable environments (facie indicators of this type of env.)

Filter feeders  

So-so fossile record

Animal Kingdom

spicules

Compositon and function

Ostrocods

What are these?

Phylum?

Good index fossils?

Uses

Dates back to...?

Environments (good or bad facies indicator?)

Type of feeder

Microscopic bivalve arthropods(phylum)

Excellent index fossils and are often used in petroleum exploration

Cambrian-Recent (living fossils)

Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial env. (bad facies)

Some carnivores, herbivores, filter feeders, or scavengers

Conodonts

Body type (composition)

How old compared to others in Chordata Phylum?

Related to...?

Type of fossil record?

Date back to...?

Soft bodied and wormlike with internal hard parts (made of calcium phosphate)

Earliest representatives of the Phylum Chordata

Related to vertebrates

Very common fossils, but only hard parts preserved Cambrian-Triassic

Porifera 

Environment/sea level/feeding

Outer cells (___) are connected to the inner cells (___) by the ____

Predominantly marine benthic filter feeders (calm stable environments)

Outer cells (ectoderm) are connected to the inner cells (endoderm) by the mesoglea

Phylum- Cnidaria

Kingdom?

Groups?

Environment(s)?

Animal Kingdom

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa -all live in marine environments

Hydrozoa

Body type

Fossil record

Type of symmetry

Ocean level

Example

Date back to...?

Soft-bodied, no hard parts, and have a poor fossil record

Radial symmetry (sym all the way around)

Planktonic or sessile benthic

Example: corals (facies indicator of shallow and warm marine env)- Rugose, tabulate(both extinct in biggest one) and schleritinia(still around; extinct and came back) Found in Proterozoic

Scyphozoa

Body type

Called...?

Example

How old/what phyllum?

Ocean level

No hard parts; called medusa (jellyfish)

Oldest known fossilized members of Cnidaria

Nektonic (free swimming)

Anthozoa

Body type and structure

Composition

Good fossils?

Phyllum?

Septa provide support for the polyp body while inside the cup

Soft-bodied animal lives in a CaCO3 cup shaped structure Best in Cnidaria for fossils

Phylum- Bryozoa

Kingdom?

Two types (and what do they look like)

Lophophores used for...?

First to have...?

Build...?

Live in groups or alone?

Animal Kingdom

Ramose- resemble tiny corals forming fragile twiglike structures

Fenestella- resemble a fine matlike growth that encrusts or covers other objects

-possess two ciliated discs call lophophores used for gathering food particles suspended in the water

-first to have a complete alimentary canal(from digestive tube to anus)

-reef builders: secrete calcium carbonate like corals

-live in group

Phylum- Brachiopoda

Kingdom?

Groups?

Animal Kingdom

Inarticulate and Articulate

Inarticulate Brachiopods

Order in evolution

Composition

How are the valves connected?

What happens when it dies? (and how are they found)

Facie indicator of...?

Evolved first of all species and are still living fossils Composed of CaPO4

Valves connected only with muscle tissue; valves disarticulate when brachiopod dies (not usually found whole)

Facie indicator: shallow, calm environments

Articulate Brachiopods

Compositon?

How are the valves connected?

How are they found when they die? (fossil record compared to inarticulates?)

From where does the pedicle grow?

Composed of CaCO3

Valves are connected with a tooth and socket arrangement (usually found with both valves)-better fossil record

Out of the pedicle valve grows the attachment mechanism called the pedicle

Phylum- Mollusca

Kingdom?

Groups?

Animal Kingdom

Bivalves, Gastropods, Cephalopods

Bivalves

Ocean level

Difference between epifaunal and infaunal

Environment

Example (Type of feeder)

Indicator of growth

Dates back to...?

Builds...?

Facies for...

Composition of shell

Why does it have a good fossil record?

Most are benthic (epifaunal(on) or infaunal(below)(sediment))

Marine or freshwater

Example is a clam (sedentary filter feeders and spend most of time in the sediment)

-growth lines usually visible

Cambrian-Recent

Reef building

Facies: shallow marine waters

Shell made of CaCO3

Great fossil record because buried alive

Gastropods

Environment(s)/Ocean level

Feeding type

How does shell twist? (what is the point on the end?)

How large of a group is this? Phylum?

Dates back to...?

Composition

Most are marine benthic forms with a few freshwater forms, and some terrestrial

Most herbivorous, some carnivores

Shells twist in "conispiral" fashion; point at end is apex

Largest group of mollusks

Late Cambrian-Recent

Made of CaCO3

Cephalopods

Class

Dates back to...? (good or bad index fossil?)

Feeding type

Environment and ocean level

Examples

Class: Chephalopoda

Showed up in the Paleozoic and are excellent index fossils

Most carnivores

Exclusively marine and nektonic

Found at various water depths

Examples: squid, chambered nodules

Phylum- Arthropoda

Kingdom?

Groups?

Animal Kingdom

Arthropods, Trilobites, Eurypterids

Arthropods

Transportation?

Evolving since?

Body design?

Info about growth and living on land.

Can swim, fly, or walk

Has been evolving since the late Proterozoic

Basic body design: Have exoskeleton segmented body and jointed appendages

First animals to live on land and to grow by molting

Trilobites

Dates back to...?

Type of environment/ocean level?

Body subdivisions?

Defensive position?

Good or bad index fossils?

Type of feeders

Paleozoic

Marine arthropods found in both benthic and nektonic environments

Three distinct subdivisions:

-Cephalon

-Thorax

-Pygidium

Could roll up for defensive position

Good index fossils

Carnivores, herbivores, etc.

Eurypterids

Common name?

Body segments?

Type of environment(s)?

"Sea Scorpions"

Segmented: prosoma, mesosoma, and metasoma (the spike; "telson")

Marine environments and nearshore environments

Phylum Echinodermata

Group?

Examples

Echinoderms

Examples: urchins, starfish, sand dollars

Echinoderms

Characterized by ___/composition

Type of symmetry?

What does the water vascular system do?

Environment?

Relatives?

Tissue unique because...?

Characterized by an exoskeleton composed of microscopic plates of calcium carbonate

Pentameral symmetry

Water vascular system: for movement, respiration, and feeding

Only found in marine environments; most are benthic

Closest relatives to chordates

Regenerates tissue

Rapid evolution of group overall

-individual evolved types lived in short time period

Abundant geographically

Wide geographic distribution

Chrinoids

Phylum?

What fossilizes?

What happens with a rapid burial?

Composition?

Good or bad index fossil? Why?

Phylum Echinoderms

Stem fossilizes

Rapid burial = complete specimen fossilization

Made up of discs stacked on top of each other held together by muscle tissue

Good index fossils: rapid evolution and specific geologic time range

Brachiopod- Articulate

Label 6 parts

[image]

Brachial valve, sculus, fold, hinge line, beak, pedicle valve

[image]

Anapsids

Label the 3 parts (four blanks)

[image]

Bivalve

Label 10 parts

[image]

Beak, growth lines, commisure, socket, hinge teeth, anterior muscle scar, sinus, pallial line, posterior muscle scar, cardinal teeth

[image]

Brachiopod- Inarticulate

Label 2 parts

[image]

Brachial valve, pedicle

[image]

Bryozoans

Label 2 parts

[image]

Zooarium (whole colony), Zooecium (tubes within)

[image]

Cephalopod

Label 3 parts

[image]

Siphuncle, suture, body chamber

[image]

What microfossil is this?

[image]

Conodonts

[image]

Coral

Label 3 parts

[image]

Growth line inside, theca, septa (vertical walls)

[image]

Corals- Rugose

Label 3 parts

[image]

What microfossil is this?

[image]

Diatoms

[image]

What type of marine animal are these?

[image]

Echinoderms

[image]

What type of microfossil is this?

[image]

Foraminifera

[image]

Gastropod

Label 6 parts

[image]

Columella, aperture, canal siphon, suture, growth line, apex

[image]

What type of microfossil is this?

[image]

Ostrocod

[image]

What type of microfossil is this?

[image]

Radiolaria

[image]

Sponge

Label 1 part

[image]

Spicules

[image]

What type of microfossil is this?

[image]

Sponge spicule

[image]

Synapsid

Label 5 parts

[image]

Orbit, nares, supratemporal fenestrae, foramen magnum, fenestrae

[image]

Trilobite

Label 6 parts (1 repeats)

[image]

Cephalon, thorax, left pleural lobe, right pleural lobe, axial lobe, pygidium

[image]