Term
| Macromolecule groups for DNA & RNA |
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Definition
1. Carbohydrates
2. Nucleic acids
3. Proteins |
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Term
| DNA- Molecule that contains the genetic code and holds instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. |
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Definition
-Double helix
-Sugar and phosphate groups serving as the backbone
-Polymer composed of 4 different nucleotides (A,T,G,C) |
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Term
| RNA- Polymer of nucleotides covalently bonded to one another |
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Definition
| -Bases paired are A,U,G,C |
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Term
| 3 stage process of converting DNA to RNA |
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Definition
1. Replication-Allows the passing of genetic material from cell to cell and from one generation to the next
-Before it begins, the DNA strand must unwind as hydrogen bonds break between their bases
-2 unwound strands serve as templates for new strands using complementary base-pairing rule
-Each new double helix is composed of an old and new strand that gets distributed to each daughter cell
2. Transcription- Information coded in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA)
-Occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
-For example, if the original strand says ATTCGGAATT, then the new the RNA will be AUUCGGAAUU
3. Translation- transfer RNA (tRNA) serve as a translator to interpret the codon in mRNA into the amino acid using anticodon and bring amino acids to the ribosomes, then amino acids join together by peptide bonds in the order prescribed by mRNA
-In the end, the final sequence of amino acids (polypeptide) in a protein is specified by DNA |
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Term
| Complementary base pairing, describe. |
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Definition
- either of the nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA or double-stranded RNA
-Guanine is the complementary base of cytosine, and adenine is the complementary base of thymine in DNA and of uracil in RNA |
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Term
| DNA extraction process, Describe 4 kinds. |
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Definition
-Lysis buffer- lyses open the cells so that the DNA can be accessed. Lysing buffer contains detergent and salt
-Detergent- Breaks down the cell membrane. The detergent emulsifies the lipidsan proteins of the cell disrupting the polar interactions that hold the cell membrane together. The detergent then forms complexes with these lipids and proteins causing them to precipitate out of solution
-Meat Tenderizer- contains special enzymes that break down proteins allowing access to the DNA molecules. The tenderizer also contains salt which helps increase the polar interactions in the solution
-Alcohol- the hydrophobic nature of alcohol helps to facilitate the precipitation of DNA. The DNA will precipitate at the interface between the alcohol and the aqueous solutions. Since DNA is not soluble in alcohol it falls out of solution leaving behind all the other molecules that were extracted from the onion cells. |
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Term
| DNA fingerprints are constructed and interpreted in order to... |
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Definition
| -Tests to identify and evaluate the genetic information called DNA in a person’s cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -Evolution is the change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations |
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Term
| 4 Concepts of natural selections |
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Definition
1. Genetic variation
2. Overproduction of offspring
3. Struggle of existence
4. Differential survival and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| - genetic diversity decreases and the population mean stabilizes a particular trait value |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values |
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Term
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Definition
1. p+q=1
2. p^(2)+2pq+q^(2)=1
(homo dom)+(hetero)+(homo recessive)
p=frequency of dominant allele in population
q=(f) of recessive allele in population |
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Term
| What are the evolutionary agents that can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg? |
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Definition
-Evolutionary agent is any force that alters the genetic structure of a population. If no evolutionary agents are affecting a population, the population is in equilibrium because allelic and genotypic frequency is not changing
-By using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, it allows for identification of populations that are not in equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Homologous characteristics- |
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Definition
| structures that have the same evolutionary origin and basic anatomy, but may differ in function (such as limbs of human, horse, and bat) |
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Term
| Shared primitive characteristics |
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Definition
| homologous features found in all member of a lineage, and in the common ancestor of that lineage |
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Term
| Share derived characteristics |
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Definition
| homologous features unique to part of an evolutionary lineage |
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Term
| Know how to read a cladogram |
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Definition
You will always start with the most common trait first and as the generations go by, you will write down the organism that does not have the trait.
-diamond=trait
-circle=organism |
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