Term
| What are the functions of the skeletal system? |
|
Definition
Support
Storage of minerals
Blood cell production (hemopoeisis, red bone marrow)
Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)
Protection
Movement
Levers |
|
|
Term
| Why does the body require calcium? |
|
Definition
Bone stores body’s reserve of calcium and phosphate
Released from bone into blood as needed
Calcium essential for-
Muscle contraction
Blood clotting
Nerve impulse transmission |
|
|
Term
| Why does the body require phosphate? |
|
Definition
ATP utilization
Plasma membrane |
|
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Term
| How does the skeletal system alter direction and magnitude of muscle force? |
|
Definition
System of levers
Muscle contraction exerting a pull on the skeleton
Alter direction and magnitude of forces generated by muscles |
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Term
Why do bone shapes matter?
Function |
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Definition
Movement: bones serve as the attachment sites for
Skeletal muscles
Soft tissues
Some organs |
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Term
| 5.What does the statement, “No projection or groove is ever found on a bone unless there is an attachment or structure to cause it,” mean in terms of bone shapes? |
|
Definition
| Everything has a function |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end of bone
Proximal/distal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| area which interacts with another bone at a joint |
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Term
|
Definition
| where two bones meet; “arthrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
Dense, fibrous CT (outer layer) and cellular layer (inner)
Protect, isolate
Blood supply and innervation
Bone growth, repair (osteoprogenitor cells)
Continuous with CT of joints and tendons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Lines marrow cavity
Osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts
Incomplete simple epithelium |
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Term
| What is the function of red bone marrow? |
|
Definition
• Myeloid tissue
• Hemopoietic (blood cell forming)
• Reticular CT, immature blood cells, and fat
• In children
• Located in spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones
• In adults
• Located only in selected areas of axial skeleton
Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae, proximal epiphyses of humerus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of yellow bone marrow? |
|
Definition
Product of red bone marrow degeneration as children mature
Fatty substance
May convert back to red bone marrow
• During severe anemia
• Condition with reduced erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Facilitates production of additional erythrocytes |
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Term
| Conjecture: why is bone such a vascular tissue (think importance of calcium homeostasis)? |
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Definition
| Calcium homeostasis is important because the ion is needed to maintain nerve & muscle function & to control many cellular activities in virtually all cells. It is also a major structural component of the body in both the bone & extracellular compartments |
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Term
What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is their function?
Osteocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is their function?
Osteoblasts |
|
Definition
bone forming cells
inner or outer surface
osteogenesis
synthesize osteoid and collagen |
|
|
Term
What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is their function?
Osteoclasts |
|
Definition
Bone remodeling
Hcl
bone destroying cells breakdown bone matrix for remodeling and |
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Term
| Compare/contrast the structure and function of compact and spongy bone |
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Definition
Spongy and compact bone have the same extracellular matrix and the same cells,
(osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoblasts) they are just organized differently. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Dense or cortical bone
Relatively dense CT
Appears white, smooth, and solid
80% of bone mass |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Cancellous or trabecular bone
Located internal to compact bone
Appears porous
20% of bone mass |
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Term
| Where would one find compact bone and why? |
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Definition
Compact bone is thickest in areas with little stress
Diaphysis of compact bone conducts stress from one epiphysis to the other
Osteons parallel to long axis |
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Term
| Where would one find spongy bone and why? |
|
Definition
resists stress from many directions
Concentrated at the epiphyses and transmit stress from epipysis through metaphysis to diaphysis of long bones are filled with spongy bone
Trabeculae transmit stress, orient along stress lines
Less weight, stress transducer |
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Term
Know the function of the anatomical terms:
Lacuna |
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Definition
| Space containing osteocyte |
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|
Term
Know the function of the anatomical terms:
interstitial lamallae |
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Definition
| between osteons are remnants of previous concentric lamallae |
|
|
Term
Know the function of the anatomical terms:
circumfrential lamallae |
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Definition
| follows the entire inner and outer circumferences of the shaft and long bone |
|
|
Term
Know the function of the anatomical terms:
perforating canals |
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Definition
| blood vessels and nerves travel from the periosteal and endosteal surfaces to reach the osteonal canal: they also connect canals to one another |
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|
Term
Know the function of the anatomical terms:
Trabeculae |
|
Definition
| transmit stress, orient along stress lines |
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Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage used in the skeletal system and why? |
|
Definition
Attaches ribs to sternum
Covers ends of some bones
Cartilage within growth plates
Provides model for formation of most bones in body |
|
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Term
| Where is fibrocartilage used and why? |
|
Definition
Weight-bearing cartilage that withstands compression
Located in
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Cartilage pads of knees |
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|
Term
| Where is dense regular CT and why? |
|
Definition
Ligaments
Anchor bone to bone
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone |
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|
Term
| What is osteoid? structure |
|
Definition
Organic, (uncalcified bone matrix) produced by osteoblasts, contains
Collagen protein
Semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins
Gives bone tensile strength by resisting stretching
Contributes to bone flexibility |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Gives bone tensile strength by resisting stretching
Contributes to bone flexibility |
|
|
Term
| What does the cement line represent? |
|
Definition
Interface between the osteons and osteoid
Boundary of osteons
Nature of properties unknown because composition is unknown |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bone deposition and bone resorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The matrix surrounding osteoblasts is a storage organ for calcium and phosphate
Calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osteoclasts digest organic component of matrix and dissolve hydroxyapatite crystals |
|
|
Term
| What is required for bone deposition (including hormones)? |
|
Definition
Begins with secretion of osteoid
Calcification occurs (deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals)
• Calcium and phosphate ions precipitate out, form crystals
Process requires
• Vitamin D—enhances calcium absorption from GI tract
• Vitamin C—required for collagen formation
• Calcium and phosphate for calcification |
|
|
Term
| bone deposition (formation)? |
|
Definition
A = Osteoblast
B = Osteocyte
C =Osteoid
D = Cement Line
Interface between the osteons and osteoid
Boundary of osteons
Nature of properties unknown because composition is unknown
E = Bone with calcified matrix |
|
|
Term
| What is required for bone resorption? |
|
Definition
Bone matrix is destroyed by substances released from osteoclasts
Proteolytic enzymes released from lysosomes within osteoclasts
• Chemically digest organic matrix components
Calcium and phosphate dissolved by hydrochloric acid
Freed calcium and phosphate ions enter the blood
Occurs when blood calcium levels are low |
|
|
Term
| Understand the role of the osteoclast in bone resorption. |
|
Definition
Cathepsin K digests organic components of matrix
H+-ATPase transports H+ and acidifies the bone matrix to dissolve hydroxyapatite
Release of calcium and phosphate into blood |
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Term
| What is the trade-off between strength and mobility in a joint? |
|
Definition
| Between mobility and stability for various joints, because there is an inverse relationship between mobility and stability in articulations. The more mobile a joint is, the less stable it is; and the more stable a joint is the less mobile it is |
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Term
| Name the structures in a synovial joint. What are their functions? |
|
Definition
| Are freely mobile, articulations, the bones in synovial joints are separated by a space called a joint cavity. Most commonly known joints in the body are synovial joints, like the glenohumeral(shoulder) joint, the tempromandibular joint, the elbow joint, and the knee joint. Functionally, all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses, since all freely mobile the terms diarthroses and synovial joint are equated. All synovial joints have these basic features: an articular capsule, a joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels. And usually have these accessory structures: bursae, fat pads, and tendons |
|
|
Term
| Structure of Synovial Joint |
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Definition
| Joint capsule, articular cartilages, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, synovial membrane, accessory structures, sensory nerves and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of bursae? |
|
Definition
Saclike structures between structures
skin/bone, tendon/bone, or ligament/bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The greater the mobility the weaker the joint
Factors influencing mobility:
Shapes of articulating surfaces
Presence/absence of other bones, muscles, or fat pads around the joint
Accessory ligaments and fibers of joint capsule
Tension of muscles (tendons) which insert/originate at joint |
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|
Term
| What function(s) are dictated by the connective tissue in a joint? |
|
Definition
Fibrous
Dense, regular CT
Cartilagenous
Cartilage
Synovial
Fluid filled (synovial fluid); synovial membrane |
|
|
Term
| Name the three types of joints classified by movement |
|
Definition
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Ampiarthrosis (small amount of movement)
Diarthrosis (free movement) |
|
|
Term
Joints: Classified by Movement Synarthroses (immovable)
Fibrous |
|
Definition
pad of connective tissue
Sutures
Gomphosis |
|
|
Term
Joints: Classified by Movement Synarthroses (immovable)
Cartilagenous: |
|
Definition
held by cartilage
Synchondrosis (epiphyseal growth cartilage) |
|
|
Term
Joints: Classified by Movement Synarthroses (immovable)
Bony (fusion of bones) |
|
Definition
(fusion of bones)
Synostosis (fusion of frontal suture, epiphyseal line) |
|
|
Term
Joints: Classified by Movement
Amphiarthrosis (small amount of movement)
Fibrous |
|
Definition
| Syndesmosis (ligament connecting bone to bone; ankle) |
|
|
Term
Joints: Classified by Movement
Amphiarthrosis (small amount of movement) |
|
Definition
Cartilagenous
Symphysis (fibrocartilage pad; intervertebral disc) |
|
|
Term
Joints: Classified by Movement
Diarthrosis (free movement) |
|
Definition
| Synovial: monaxial, biaxial, triaxial |
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|
Term
| Why would it be important to have a symphysis at the articulation of the pubic bones of the os coxae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intervertebral discs? What function does fibrocartilage provide in these joints? |
|
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synovial cavity separates articulating bones
Freely moveable (diarthroses)
Articular cartilage
Reduce friction
Absorb shock
Articular capsule
Surrounds joint
Thickenings in fibrous capsule called ligaments
Synovial membrane
Inner lining of capsule |
|
|
Term
| Structure of Synovial Joint |
|
Definition
| Joint capsule, articular cartilages, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, synovial membrane, accessory structures, sensory nerves and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
Structure of Synovial Joint
Articular Capsule |
|
Definition
Surrounds the diarthrosis
Encloses the synovial cavity
Unites the articulating bones
Two layers
Outer fibrous capsule
May contain ligaments
Inner synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid)
Flexibility of the fibrous capsule permits considerable movement
Great tensile strength helps prevent bone dislocation |
|
|
Term
Structure of Synovial Joint
Cartilage/fat pads
Menisci (articular discs) |
|
Definition
Attached to capsule
Allow bones of different shapes to fit tightly
increase stability |
|
|
Term
Structure of Synovial Joint
. Accessory Structures
Peripheral fat
Ligaments |
|
Definition
Peripheral fat
Ligaments
Accessory: support, strengthen, reinforce
Intrinsic (capsular): thickened joint capsule
Separate from joint capsule
Extrinsic (extracapsular)
Intracapsular (within the synarthrosis) |
|
|
Term
Structure of Synovial Joint
. Accessory Structures
Tendons
Bursae |
|
Definition
Saclike structures between structures
skin/bone, tendon/bone, or ligament/bone |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of synovial fluid and why is it important to keep joints moving? |
|
Definition
Lubricant
Contains “slippery” hyaluronic acid
Provides nutrients to articular cartilage
Vehicle for nutrients/wastes
Circulation driven by joint movement
Shock absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid-filled saclike extensions of the joint capsule
Reduce friction between moving structures
Skin over bone
Tendon over bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linear, Angular, Rotational, monaxial, Biaxial, triaxial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Circumduction Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Circumduction
example
An increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Flexion results in a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Lateral flexion
Movement of the trunk to the R or L at the waist
Movement occurs in the frontal plane, intervertebral joints
Extension results in an increase in the angle between articulating bones
Hyperextension is a continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
Usually prevented by the arrangement of ligaments and the anatomical alignment of bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Example
Occur when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another
No significant alteration of the angle between the bones
Slight movement in almost any direction
Carpals, tarsals, sternoclavicular joint |
|
|
Term
Articular Motion
Rotational |
|
Definition
In rotation, a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
Left
Right
Internal (medial)
External (lateral)
Pronation
Forearm movement at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly
Supination
As above , palm is turned anteriorly or superiorly |
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|
Term
| Synovial Joint Classification |
|
Definition
Plane
gliding
Hinge
monaxial
Pivot
monaxial
Condylar (ellipsoidal)
biaxial
Saddle
Ball-and-Socket |
|
|
Term
Synovial Joint Classification
Planar Joint |
|
Definition
Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
Side to side movement only
Rotation prevented by ligaments
Examples
intercarpal or intertarsal joints
sternoclavicular joint |
|
|
Term
Synovial Joint Classification
Hinge Joint |
|
Definition
Movement in one plane
Elbow, knee |
|
|
Term
Synovial Joint Classification
Pivot Joint |
|
Definition
Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone & ligament
Monoaxial
Allows only rotation around longitudinal axis
Proximal radioulnar joint
supination
pronation
Atlanto-axial joint
“no” |
|
|
Term
Synovial Joint Classification
Condyloid or Ellipsodial Joint |
|
Definition
Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression
Biaxial
Flexion/extension or abduction/adduction
Wrist
Metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to 5 |
|
|
Term
Synovial Joint Classification
Saddle Joint |
|
Definition
Back and forth, up and down, no rotation
Thumb |
|
|
Term
Synovial Joint Classification
ball and Socket Joint |
|
Definition
Movement in all planes
Hip, shoulder
Most Moveable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the structures which stabilize the glenohumeral joint (rotator cuff!) |
|
Definition
Stabilization by ligaments, tendons, bursae, muscles
Rotator cuff:
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis |
|
|
Term
| Know the structures which stabilize the and coxal (hip) joint. |
|
Definition
Stabilization by bony structure, ligaments, tendons, bursae, muscles
37. Hip Joint Capsule
Dense, strong capsule reinforced by ligaments
iliofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament
pubofemoral ligament
One of strongest structures in the body |
|
|
Term
| Which type of synovial joint is the most moveable? |
|
Definition
Glenohumeral Joint
Ball-and-socket
Head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction of the arm
Extreme freedom of movement at the expense of stability
Rotator cuff injury and dislocation or separated shoulder are common injuries |
|
|
Term
| Why are two different types of movement allowed at the TMJ? |
|
Definition
Synovial joint
Articular disc
Gliding above disc
Hinge below disc
Movements
depression
elevation
protraction
retraction
Why???Protrusion and Retraction
Elevation and Depression |
|
|
Term
| Know the ligaments and structures that stabilize the knee joint. |
|
Definition
The largest and most complex joint of the body
Consists of three joints within a single synovial cavity
Flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, and lateral rotation of the leg in a flexed position
Common injuries
Rupture of the tibial collateral ligament
Dislocation of the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Femur, tibia and patella
Hinge joint between tibia and femur
Gliding joint between patella and femur
Flexion, extension, and slight rotation of tibia on femur when knee is flexed |
|
|
Term
Knee
Intracapsular Structures of Knee
Medial meniscus |
|
Definition
C-shaped fibrocartilage
Lateral meniscus
nearly circular
Posterior cruciate ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important that the ACL and the PCL are taut when the leg is extended? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the patella in terms of the knee joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the menisci in terms of the knee joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Understand the factors affecting movement at a joint and how they change. |
|
Definition
Structure and shape of the articulating bone
Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments
Arrangement and tension of the muscles
Contact of soft parts
Hormones
Disuse
Aging
Decreased production of synovial fluid
Thinning of the articular cartilage
Loss of ligament length and flexibility
Due to genetic factors as well as wear and tear on joints |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast pelvic and pectoral girdle movements |
|
Definition
| Articulations in the pectoral girdle allow retraction, protraction, elevation and depression |
|
|
Term
| What bones make up the pectoral girdle? |
|
Definition
| Clavicle, Scapula, Acromioclavicular joint, Glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| Why are the rotator cuff muscles important for the pectoral girdle? |
|
Definition
| they support the joint capsule |
|
|
Term
| Why would it be difficult (impossible) to move the shoulder if the clavicle is broken? |
|
Definition
| Because the clavicle articulates at its acrominal end with the scapula (@ acromion) |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the small radius of the glenoid cavity? |
|
Definition
| such depressions in the surface of bones often receive another articulating bone with which a joint is formed |
|
|
Term
| What are major markings on the humerus, radius, and ulna and what does that mean in terms of the movements allowed? |
|
Definition
-- Humerus -- head; greater and lesser tubercles; intertubercular sulcus; radial grrove; deltoid tuberocity; trochlea; capitulum; coronoid and olecranon fossae; epicondyles; radial fossae
-- Ulna -- coronoid process; olecranon; radial notch; trochlear notch; ulnar styloid process; head
-- Radius -- head; radial tuberocity; radial styloid process; ulnar notch
Each upper limb consists of thirty (30) bones and its specialized for mobility. The skeleton of the arm is composed solely of the humerus; the skeleton of the forearm is composed of the radius and ulna; and the skeleton of the hand consists of the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 8 carpal bones in anatomical position and understand their role in the carpal tunnel. |
|
Definition
Radius ULNA
SL TP
TTCH
THUMB PINKY |
|
|
Term
| What are the major markings on the scapula? What movements are associated with them? |
|
Definition
| glenoid cavity; spine; acromion; coracoid process; infraspinous; supraspinous; and subscapular fossae |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the small radius of the glenoid cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many phalanges does the pollex have? The other fingers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bones make up the pelvic girdle? |
|
Definition
Paired with 2 Os coxae (hip bones) and partner posteriorly with the Sacrum and coccyx
The pelvic girdle, or hip girdle, attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, transmits the full weight of the upper body to the lower limbs, and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What three bones make up the os coxae? |
|
Definition
Consist of 3 separate irregular bones during childhood in adulthood they are fused (together they create the os coxae (hip bone) )
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis |
|
|
Term
| What is the key feature of the os coxae that allows transfer of mechanical stress to the femur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What markings delineate the “true” pelvis from the “false” pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare/contrast the male and female pelvis. What is the function of these anatomical differences? What do the differences mean in terms of the angle of the acetabulum with the femur? |
|
Definition
1. Female
Structure and functional modifications:
Tilted forward; adapted for childbearing; true pelvis defines the birth canal; cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has a greater capacity
2. Male
Structure and functional modifications:
Tilted less far forward; adapted for support of a male's heavier build and stronger muscles; cavity of the true pelvis is narrow and deep |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the arcuate line (in terms of transfer of mechanical stress)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the leg bones does not participate in the knee joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the term “sesamoid bone”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the bone in the quadriceps tendon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 7 tarsal bones in anatomical position. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many phalanges does the hallux have? The other toes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the function of the three arches of the foot and which tarsal bone is the keystone for each arch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is a “flatfoot” a problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Scapulae:
The scapulae (shoulder blades) are thin, flat bones that lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, articulating with the humerus via the glenoid cavity, and the clavicle via the acromion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2. Clavicle:
The clavicles (collarbones) extend horizontally across the thorax, articulating medially with the sternum, and laterally with the scapula, bracing the arms and scapulae laterally |
|
|
Term
| Identify important bone markings of the pectoral girdle |
|
Definition
Major markings
a. suprascapular notch
b. supraspinous and infraspinous fossae
c. spine
d. acromion
e. coracoid process |
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|
