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Emphysema
Destruction or collapse of alveoli into larger alveoli actually increases the ability to fill lungs, increasing compliance.
The effect of large alveoli is counteracted by the loss of elasticity, making exhalation difficult.
Destruction of alveoli & pulmonary adema decrease the surface area in the lungs capable of gas exchange.
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Tuberculosis
Infectious disease caused by various strains of microbacteria
Transmitted by fluids through the air from coughing and sneezing
Causes formation of granulomas, consisting of aggregated macrophages, T cells, B cells and fibroblasts.
Granulomas can cause abnormal necrosis in the center of tubercles.
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Used to measure the amount of (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled
Can be used to detect for respiratory diseases |
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| IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume) |
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| The maximal amount of gas that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory position. |
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| ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume) |
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| The maximal amount of gas that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory position. |
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| The volume of gas inhaled and exhaled during one normal respiratory cycle. |
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| The amount of gas remaining in the lung at the end of a maximal exhalation. |
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| FRC (Functional Residual Capacity) |
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| The amount of air remaining at the end of a normal quiet respiration |
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| TLC (Total Lung Capacity) |
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| The amount of gas contained in the lung at the endof a maximal inhalation. |
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| When PCO2 Levels are compromised... |
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Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis
Hypoventilation decreases pH (acidosis)
Hyperventilation increases pH (alkalosis) |
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| When HCO3- levels in the blood are compromised... |
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Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis
Excessive vomiting, diabetes, diarrhea, lactate build up, massive cell death |
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increase: alkalosis
decrease: acidosis
normal value: 7.35-7.45 |
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increase: acidosis
decrease: alkalosis
normal value: 40 mmHg
Respiratory Shifts only |
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increase: alkalosis
decrease: acidosis
normal value: 24 mEq/L
Metabolic shifts only |
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