Term
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Definition
| secrete chemical messengers through tubes/ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| release chemical messengers into the bloodstream which carry them to various target tissues |
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Term
| Neural/Synaptic Communication |
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Definition
-chemical messengers diffuses across the synaptic cleft.
-neurons may release transmitters into bloodstream (neuroendocrine hormones)
ex. somatostatin, acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
Cells release their chemical messengers into the blood stream which carries them to various target tissues
Ex. Prolactin, Cortisol, Thyroxine, Insulin |
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Term
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Definition
chemical messengers simply diffuse through the extracellular fluid to neighboring target cells. Important in immune system
Ex. somatostatin |
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Term
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Definition
| cell responds to chemical messengers it secreted a moment or two ago |
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Term
Endocrine Glands Purely Endocrine in Function
PPPTA |
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Definition
| Pineal, Pituitary, Parathyroid, Thyroid, Adrenals |
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Term
| Organs of mixed function that contain endocrine tissue |
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Definition
| Heart, Liver, Stomach, Pancreas, Kidneys, Small Intestine |
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Term
| 5 Chemical Classes of Hormones: SPEAR |
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Definition
1.Steroids (estrogens, androgens, aldosterone, cortisol)
2.Peptides and Proteins
3.Amines (catecholamines--> epinephrine and norepinephrine)
4.Eicosanoids (prostoglandins)
5.Retinoids (Vitamins A, Retinol) |
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Term
| 2 Types of Receptors for Hormones |
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Definition
1.Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Hormones
2.Cell-surface receptors for water soluble hormones |
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Term
| Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Hormones |
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Definition
| -Diffuse easily across cell membranes and then bind with special hormone receptor proteins and enter nucleus of target cell, where they bind DNA |
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Term
| Cell-Surface Receptors for water soluble hormones. |
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Definition
-Bind water soluble peptide, protein, glycoprotein and catecholamine hormones
-contain alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
-receptor initiates a cascade of events that leads to formation within the target cell of substances called second messengers. carry hormones message to sites within target cells. |
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Term
| 3 Broad Functions of the Major Hormones |
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Definition
1.Homeostasis
2.Digestion and Metabolism
3.Reproduction, Growth, and Development |
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Term
| 3 Different Ways in Which Hormone Secretion is Controlled |
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Definition
1.Hormone itself produces negative signal. -Rising levels of the hormone in bloodstream inhibit the same cells that secrete the hormone
2.Other hormones released by the first hormone provides the negative signals
*CRH-ACTH cortisol system
3.Effect of the hormone is the negative signal
-Parathyroid hormone is secreted in response to low blood Calcium. Its secretion increases blood calcium levels, reducing stimulus for secretion |
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Term
6 Hormones secreted by Anterior Pituitary
FLATPEG |
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Definition
1.ACTH acts on adrenal cortex
2.FSH
3.LH
4.GH
5.Prolactin
6.TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
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Term
| thyroid tissue connected by what (left and right sides) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| colloid (mature thyroglobulin) |
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Term
| thyroglobulin converted to |
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Definition
| thyroxine and triiodotyronine |
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Term
| these cells are scattered throughout the thyroid gland |
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Definition
| parafollicular cells (C Cells) which produce the peptide hormone calcitonin |
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Term
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Definition
| too little thyroid hormone is secreted into the blood which leads to atrophy of gland but lack of iodine in diet can have same effect. |
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Term
| Lack of iodine causes what? |
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Definition
| T3 and T4 cannot be synthesized so tissue gland is stimulated to grow by persistent high levels of TSH which is secreted by anterior pituitary due lack of negative feedback=GOITER |
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Term
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Definition
| High metabolic rate, increased sensitivity to heat, appear mentally alert and restless, they can lose weight despite a huge appetite |
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Term
| symptoms of hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
| protruding eyes, swelling of thyroid gland producing a bulge at the neck region (toxic goiter) |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by hyperthyroidism which is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system develops antibodies which bind to and activate the TSH receptors on the thyroid causing thyroid gland to be constantly turned on |
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Term
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Definition
| secretory cells of parathyroid hormone. tightly packed and closely associated with capillary networks |
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Term
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Definition
| may be a degenerative form of the chief cells |
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Term
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Definition
| parathyroids are damaged or surgically removed. Blood calcium ion concentration drops, causing muscle cramps, twitches, convulsions and seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| blood calcium levels increase greatly due to bone resorption |
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Term
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Definition
derived from nervous tissue and are modified sympathetic ganglia.
secretes catecholamines |
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Term
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Definition
outer layer of the gland and accounts for 90% of the gland.
Secretes steroid hormones such as cortisol (glucacorticoid) and Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cushing's syndrome: moon face, fat pads at different sites on the body, high blood pressure, thin skin, thin arms, and legs, and poor wound healing |
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Term
| deficiency of cortisol causes: |
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Definition
| Addison's disease: increased skin and hair pigmentation, freckling, lowered blood pressure, diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, muscular weakness, and a loss of weight |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Develops in children and adolescents that require insulin injections to remain alive. Destruction of beta cells by a T-cell mediated autoimmune disorder.
glucose use is depressed and there is high level of glucose excreted through the kidney in very large volumes of urine so patient is always thirsty |
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Term
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Definition
Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
-does not appear until after age 40 and is associated with obesity. (obesity seems to make the beta cells less responsive to stimulation by high blood glucose.
Weight reduction, regulation of the number of calories eaten, and certain drugs are used to improve tissue responsiveness to insulin and beta cell responsiveness to glucose |
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Term
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Definition
estrogens
progesterone
inhibin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
estrogens
progesterone
relaxin
HCG
human placental lactogen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
secretin
cholecystokinin (CCK)
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) |
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Term
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Definition
somatomedin (IGF)
erythropoietin |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin D3 (7-dehydrocholesterol) |
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Term
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Definition
| atrial natriuretic factor |
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Definition
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