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| the detection, amplification and recording of changes in voltage produced by skeletal muscle contraction |
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| the change in membrane voltage of the cell |
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| no matter how much more voltage is applied there are no more muscle fibers to contract |
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| the measurement of the first contraction |
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| muscle length changes, no change in force |
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| force changes, no change in muscle length |
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| occurs when a given set of cells are repeatedly stimulated without relaxation |
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| sustained contraction resulting from high frequency stimulation |
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| Increases in a staircase manner |
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sensory neuron transmits directly to the motor neuron without an interneuron involved.
ex: Knee jerk reflex |
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| the interneuron is between the sensory and the motor neurons (time elapse to reflect the reflex ) |
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In cases of nerve damage the person will extend the big toe.
this also occurs in infants under the age of 1 year because of their incomplete CNS myelation |
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| the force generated by a whole muscle reflects... |
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| the number of motor units firing at a given time reflects... |
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| change in membrane voltage of the cell |
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| the instrument used to record the difference between the left and right hand maximum clench in muscle contraction physio-ex experiment |
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| a technique used to measure muscle contraction |
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| the first sign of contraction when there is a stimulation |
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reflex with an interneuron between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
ex: when you prick your finger on a nail |
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| no matter how much more voltage is applied, there is nor more muscle fibers to contract is called... |
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| used to measure reaction time |
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| multiple motor unit summation / recruitment |
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| a process where the number of motor units firing is increased to produce a steady increase in muscle force |
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a short period between the time of stimulation and the beginning of conraction.
no force is generated during this interval, but chemical changes occur intracellularly in preparation for contraction, such as the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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| the muscle shortens as the myofilaments are sliding past eachother |
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| takes place when contraction has ended and the muscle returns to its normal resting state and length |
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| the device displayed in activity 16B |
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| produced during muscle contraction |
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| results from the muscle being stretched |
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| the sum of active and passive forces |
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| a recording of muscle twitch |
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| for the first few twitches, each successive stimulation produces slightly more force than the previous contraction as long as the muscle is allowed to fully relax between stimuli, and the stimuli are delivered relatively close together. this describes the _______ effect |
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| what is thought to cause Treppe? |
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| increased efficiency of the enzyme systems within the cell and increased availability of intracellular calcium |
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the following graph shows which effect?
[image] |
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| the actual visible recording of the resulting voltage waveforms is called an |
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| achieved by increasing the stimulus frequency, or rate of stimulus delivery to the muscle. it occurs because the muscle is already in a partially contracted state when subsequent stimuli are delivered |
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| an extreme form of wave summation that results in a steady sustained contraction. in effect, the muscle does not have any chance to relax because it is being stimulated at such a high frequency. this fuses the force peaks so that we observe a smooth tracing. |
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| fusion frequency: the stimulus rate above which there appears to be no significant increase in force. |
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results from a prolonged period of sustained contraction.
it is a condition in which the tissue has lost its ability to contract.
results when a muscle cell's ATP consumption is faster than its production. |
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| A condition where the muscle length does not change regardless of the amount of force generated by the muscle |
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| the length of the muscle before contraction |
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| generated by stretching the muscle and is due to the elastic properties of the tissue itself. largely due to the protein titin, which acts as a molecular bungee cord. |
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| the force generated by the physiological contraction of the muscle |
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| muscle length changes, but the force produced stays the same |
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| the recording of skin surface voltage manifestations of underlying skeletal muscle contraction is the procedure known as |
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the most important organizational concept in the physiology of muscle contraction
it is a single motor neuron and all of the cells within a muscle that it activates |
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| two mechanisms by which the nervous system controls muscle contraction |
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Definition
1. multiple motor unit summation (recruitment)
2. Temporal (wave) summation |
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| multiple motor unit summation (recruitment) |
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| the gradual activation of more and more motor units |
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| a constant state of slight excitation of a muscle while it is in the relaxed state. |
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graded muscle contractions
& what two factors cause them? |
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represent increasing levels of force generated by a msucle
depend upon:
1. gradual activatoin of more motor units
2. increasing the frequency of motor neuron action potentials for each active motor unit |
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| a condition in which the muscle gradually loses some or all of its ability to contract after contracting for an extended period of time |
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| the procedure of measuring force itself |
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| the visual recording of force |
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| used to measure the force generated during first contraction |
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