Term
| What is an important viral disease of horses that can manifest in three different forms (reproductive, respiratory, and neurologic)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most contagious bacterial disease in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protozoal disease should be a differential for neuro disease in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a common opportunistic fungal disease in horses that enters via the respiratory tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some important signalment components to consider when diagnosing infectious disease? |
|
Definition
Age: impact on susceptibility, exposure
Breed: prevalence, immunocompetence; EVA in standardbreds
Gender:exposure, carrier status, impact
Use: environment, stress, exposure, medication, prognosis for return to function |
|
|
Term
| What do you want to know about the horses history when considering an infectious disease? |
|
Definition
-duration, progression
-likelihood of exposure to infxs agents
-vaccination, EIA, parasite status
-medications (which, how much, when)
NSAIDs suppress fever
Abx impact bacterial cultures
-stress
-health of herd mates
-health of other animals at same show, clinic, trail ride
-presence of organism in region
-season (vectors present?) |
|
|
Term
| When is ancillarytesting a must? |
|
Definition
-potentially reportable disease
-Ddx list includes highly contagious dz that may warrant quarantine or isolation
-Likely Dx is zoonotic |
|
|
Term
| What should be on your DDx list for a horse with fever and respiratory signs? |
|
Definition
Influenza
Rhinopneumonitis (EHV)
Rhinovirus
Strangles
EVA
(Also: Tuberculosis, AHS, Pneumocystis) |
|
|
Term
| What should be on your DDx list for a horse with fever and neuro signs? |
|
Definition
EEE, WEE, WNV
EHV1, EIA, Anaplasma, EVA, Stangles
Heat stress
(also: Rabies, VEE, lyme disease) |
|
|
Term
| What should be on your DDx list for a horse with non-specific signs +/- fever? |
|
Definition
EIA
EVA
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
(Erlichia equi)
Babesia
Anthrax
Lyme disease |
|
|
Term
| When might you have a horse with fever and edema? |
|
Definition
common combo of signs
often due to vasculitis
-EHV 1, EIA, Anaplasma, EVA, Strangles
pragmatic grouping for clinical approach
*not always due to infectious agent |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are typically present in a horse that presents for edema and fever? |
|
Definition
Edema: limbs, ventrum, muzzle, scrotum
-may be subtle!
Fever
Depression
+/- petechia |
|
|
Term
| What are some general sources of edema (not specific diseases) in horses? |
|
Definition
Heart failure: increase HR-> venous congestion
-(endocarditis, murmur)
Hypoalbuminemia
-increase loss via kidney, gut, or
into a body cavity
-decrease manufacture via liver dz,
malnutrition
Lymphangitis, lymphatic obstruction, lymphosarcoma
cellulitis & vasculitis
contact dermatitis: wild parsnips, bug spray
toxins: hoary alyssum, fire ants, spiders, rattlesnakes |
|
|
Term
| What are some infectious diseases that cause edema in horses? |
|
Definition
EIA (equine infectious anemia)
Babesia/ Piroplasmosis
EVA (equine viral arteritis)
Equine erlichiosis
(Anaplasma phagocytophilum)
Purpura hemorrhagica
Pigeon Fever |
|
|
Term
| What might you see on a CBC in a horse with edema? |
|
Definition
-look for signs of infection and/or thrombocytopenia, anemia
-look for anaplasma morula in granulocytes, babesia in RBC's |
|
|
Term
| What WBC parasite might you see on CBC for horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What RBC parasite might you see on CBC for horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With what infectious equine disease would you see increased fibrinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What items on a serum chem would be important to look at for a horse with edema? |
|
Definition
| albumin, liver and kidney function |
|
|
Term
| what might you see on a coag profile in a horse with edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would you perform serology in horses with edema? |
|
Definition
Coggins test or ELISA for EIA
testing for EVA, AP
ELISA for strangles |
|
|
Term
| why would you perform PCR in a horse with edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would you perform cultures in a horse with edema? what culture samples should you use? |
|
Definition
nasal swabs/washes:
strangles, viral agents
whole blood:
some viral agents |
|
|
Term
| what additional testing may you want to consider is a horse with neuro signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the DDx for equine infectious diseases manifesting with peripheral edema? |
|
Definition
EIA
EVA
Anaplasma phagocytophila
Purpura hemorrhagica
Lyme's disease
Pigeon fever
Piroplasmosis
(African Horse Sickness) |
|
|
Term
| EIA is in what virus family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what trx is available for EIA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are there vaccines available for EIA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is eradication of EIA difficult? |
|
Definition
persistent infections
- infected for life |
|
|
Term
| what is the prognosis for horses infected with EIA? |
|
Definition
| kills 30-70% of infected horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 3 syndromes of EIA? |
|
Definition
1. inapparent infxn- subtle changes
2. acute disease
3. subacute/chronic |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs/ lab findings associated with the inapparent infection form of EIA? |
|
Definition
increased glubulins,
low CD5/CD4/lymphocytes
subtle changes |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs and lab findings asscoiaed with the acute form of EIA? |
|
Definition
signs manifest w/in 30d of exposure, may recover in 1-7days
*Fever, *Thrombocytopenia
anorexia
lethargy
(+/-): anemia, epistaxis, pitting edema, CNS signs (ataxia), abortion, stillborn or weak foal, orchitis |
|
|
Term
| what clinical signs or lab findings are associated with the subacute/chronic form of EIA? |
|
Definition
cyclic
-due to emergence of Ag strain
-temporary invasion of immune system
May-> symptomatic if stressed, corticosteroids
Recrudescing fever, weight loss, more severe anemia (+/- epistaxis, hemorrhage), +/- thrombocytopenia, increased gammaglobulins, increased liver enzymes, decreased albumin |
|
|
Term
| which form of EIA is associated with a more severe anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you diagnose EIA? |
|
Definition
| clinical signs, CBC, serology, coggins test, ELISA, necropsy |
|
|
Term
| what might you see on CBC in a horse with EIA? |
|
Definition
thrombocytopenia, may be severe (clinical hemorrhage):
-immune mediaed +/- decreased
production
progressive anemia: intra- and extravascular hemolysis; impaired bone marrow response
WBC= variable, monocytosis |
|
|
Term
| how often is serology used to diagnose EIA? and what does serology detect? |
|
Definition
widely used
detect core Ag p26 |
|
|
Term
Name an AGID test used to diagnose EIA in horses.
(Most EIA horses are positive by day 45; may need to retest acute cases) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you test foals for EIA? why? |
|
Definition
| wait until 6-8.5 months old; may have false + via passive transfer if test earlier |
|
|
Term
| What might you see on necropsy for EIA positive foals (if they die during febrile episode)? |
|
Definition
| enlarged lymph nodes/liver/spleen; hemorrhages; thrombosis; +/- microscopic glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
What stage of EIA disease is the virus most abundant?
Where is it otherwise (when not abundant)? |
|
Definition
most abundant in acute, febrile period
otherwise lurks in tissue macrophages, endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| When would it be more likely to have transplacental transfer of EIA in utero? |
|
Definition
if mare has a febrile episode
also via colostrum, semen |
|
|
Term
| What are some important aspects to control EIA via isolation? |
|
Definition
most suggest >200yards, screened stall
strict insect control
forbidden to leave without permit
brand 2 inch "A" on left neck or
shoulder
EIA retirement farms in some states |
|
|
Term
| what important mechanical vector must be considered in an EIA control program? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some important prevention methods for EIA? |
|
Definition
Avoid exposure-owner education/fly contr.
routine testing to ID carriers
*key to preventative med
*req for interstate travel, or
public horse gatherings
support state initiatives
new federal proposal for state
certification, regional programs |
|
|
Term
| List the common clinical signs associated with an EVA infection |
|
Definition
Types: inapparent infection; respiratory, reproductive, skin
fever, depression & anorexia, edema (limbs, ventrum, supraorbital fossa, periorbital, sheath, scrotum), rhinitis & conjunctivitis w/ discharge, urticarial rash, purpura eruptions inside upper lip |
|
|
Term
| how long does the fever associated with EVA typically last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some less common clinical signs of EVA? |
|
Definition
| abortion, resp distress, coughing, diarrhea, ataxia, lymphadenopathy, corneal opacity, stiffness |
|
|
Term
| When does abortion associated with EVA typically occur (when in gestation)? |
|
Definition
| 3-10months into gestation |
|
|
Term
| If the foal is born to an EVA positive mare what clinical signs may be noted in the foal? |
|
Definition
| weak w/ respiratory distress |
|
|
Term
| T/F: EVA impacts future fertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reproductive signs/consequences occur in stallions affected with EVA |
|
Definition
if ill, may reduce libido/fertility; become short term carriers
30-60% become long term carriers & shedders** |
|
|
Term
in stallions who are long term carriers of EVA where does the virus persist and how is it shed?
also what hormone may be involved |
|
Definition
persists in ampulla of vas deferens (testosterone dependent)
shed in semen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all bodily fluids/secretions
fomites/ personnel |
|
|
Term
| where does EVA replicate? and how does this lead to vasculitis? |
|
Definition
bronchial macrophages
-> regional lymph nodes-> viremia-> vasculitis |
|
|
Term
| How would you diagnose EVA |
|
Definition
clinical signs
CBC
serology
virus isolation
serum titer |
|
|
Term
| what would the CBC show if concerned about EVA? |
|
Definition
| leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| would serology or virus isoloation be more appropriate if EVA is caught early? |
|
Definition
early: virus isolation
(late: serology) |
|
|
Term
| what would you look for on serology for a positive EVA case |
|
Definition
| paired samples, look for rising titer |
|
|
Term
| what samples should you take for virus isolation of EVA? |
|
Definition
| nasopharyngeal swabs, conjunctival swabs, whole blood (citrate tube), semen, urine, placenta or lung of aborted fetus (freeze if delay in transport) |
|
|
Term
| at what serum titer is a stallion considered likely to be a shedder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two breeds are commonly affected with EVA? |
|
Definition
| Standardbreds and Australian warmbloods |
|
|
Term
| what is EVA control centered on? why? |
|
Definition
the stallion on breeding farm
- carrier stallions infect 85-100%
of seronegative mares
-may remain carriers for years
-low concentrations in vaginal
secretions, aborted fetus,
placenta, urine, feces |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common form of EVA transmission at racetracks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does quarantine last at racetracks after a positive EVA case occurs? |
|
Definition
| lasts for 4wks since last case |
|
|
Term
| how long does immunity following natural EAV infection last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a vaccine present for EVA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of vaccine is available for EVA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the EVA vaccine stop transmission of the virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long should you isolate horses post EVA vaccination? |
|
Definition
| at least 21days (due to shedding of live virus) |
|
|
Term
| how long will a single vaccination protect for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some ways to prevent EVA? |
|
Definition
avoid exposure-screen 1st yr stallions
breed to only EVA negative stallions
vaccination program
-est. seronegativity first! |
|
|
Term
| What causes Equine erlichiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is anaplasma transmitted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cell does anaplasma infect? |
|
Definition
| WBC (neutrophils or eosinophils) |
|
|
Term
| what clinical signs are associated with anaplasma infection? |
|
Definition
| fever (1-12d), depression, variable anorexia, limb edema, petechia, icterus (extravascular hemolysis), +/- ataxia or cranial nerve deficits, +/- myositis, orchiditis |
|
|
Term
| How is equine erlichiosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
clinical signs & observation of organism w/in neutrophils/eosinophils
lymphopenia then neutropenia
mild anemia
thrombocytopenia
Chem
PCR
IFA on buffy coat cells |
|
|
Term
| what might be seen on a Chem profile in an equine erlichiosis case? |
|
Definition
| elevated bilirubin +/- elevated SDH, GGT |
|
|
Term
| T/F: there are many asymptomatic seropositives in endemic areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Equine erlichiosis treated? |
|
Definition
*Oxytetracycline or Doxycycline(risk of diarhea)
supportive care: limb bandages, easily chewed food, rarely corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| is there a vaccine for anaplasma phagocytophila (or Equine erlichiosis)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is purpura hemorrhagica? and what is thought to cause it? |
|
Definition
immune mediated hemorrhagic syndrome
most commonly linked to Strep equi var equi exposure or vaccination
also may be triggered by strep equi zooepidemicus, influenza, EHV-1, pigeon fever |
|
|
Term
| what causes the lesions associated with purpura hemorrhagica? |
|
Definition
| due to IgA and IgM immune complex deposition in small vessels (esp SQ) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: purpura hemorrhagic is a devestating and often fatal disease that often leads to DIC in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical signs associated with equine purpura hemorrhagica |
|
Definition
edema (head,extremities,ventrum), petechial hemorrhages on mm, +/- urticarial plaques exuding serum, +/- edema of larynx/lungs->resp distress, +/- diarrhea/colic, +/- acute rhabdomyolysis
can appear painful, may slough skin or hooves, may develop DIC (bleeding/ thrombosis) |
|
|
Term
| How would you diagnose equine purpura hemorrhagica? |
|
Definition
Clinical signs
History of Strangles exposure
Culture
Skin biopsy
ELISA
CBC/Chem |
|
|
Term
| what tissue should you culture to Dx purpura hemorrhagica? |
|
Definition
| nasopharyngeal swab or wash |
|
|
Term
| why would a skin biopsy be useful for Dx purpura hemorrhagica? |
|
Definition
to demonstrate vasculitis
-leukocytoclastic w/ PMNs around
small dermal vessels |
|
|
Term
| What does ELISA look for to Dx purpura hemorrhagica? |
|
Definition
| serum ELISA for strep M protein titers |
|
|
Term
| what might a CBC/Chem show in a positive purpura hemorrhagica case |
|
Definition
high WBC/fibrinogen, Platelets usu not low
Chem: variable
- mild eleva. of liver/kidney values
- increase globulin, albumin variable
- CK, AST amy be increased w/ muscle
involvement (confirm w/biopsy) |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat purpura hemorrhagica if active strangles infxn is present? or not present? |
|
Definition
Penicillin (if Strangles)
supportive care:
maintain hydation/ nutrition,
monitor airway/skin condition,
support bandages/ deep bedding, hydrotherapy if oozing/ sloughing
NSAID/butorphanol for discomfort
+/- referral
Corticosteroids- dexamethasone |
|
|
Term
| What should be considered in the use of corticosteroids for purpura hemorrhagica trx? |
|
Definition
may increase risk of laminitis
teratogenic in early pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| How would you control the strangles assoc. with purpura hemorrhagica |
|
Definition
ID and trx guttural pouches
consider all PH cases contagious
strict isolation & monitoring
education of clients
disinfection, burn bedding
insect/vector control
vacate contaminated pasture |
|
|
Term
| is there a vaccine for purpura hemorrhagica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: current vaccines may trigger purpura hemorrhagica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the agent that causes Lyme Dz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is lyme dz transmitted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what change is titer is required for Dx. why? |
|
Definition
need 4x change in titer for Dx
-due to positive titers being common
in endemic areas |
|
|
Term
| is there a vaccine for equine lyme dz? |
|
Definition
No
canine vaccine not approved for use in horses, but it is sometimes used offlabel in horses |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical signs of lyme disease? |
|
Definition
| most often subclinical, fever, depression, regional lymphadenopathy, arthritis, recurrent lameness, encephalitis, uveitis, abortion, cardiomyopathy, +/-renal disease |
|
|
Term
| how is lyme disease diagnosed in horses? |
|
Definition
*Exclusion of other diseases
serology
culture
histopath |
|
|
Term
| what samples should be collected for Dx of lyme dz via culture |
|
Definition
1: synovial tissue
2: joint fluid |
|
|
Term
| What are some DDx for Lyme disease in horses |
|
Definition
Anaplasma phagocytophila/
equine erlichiosos
Immune mediated disease
Causes of neurologic signs or abortion
Leptospirosis |
|
|
Term
| What Abx is used to trx lyme disease in horses? |
|
Definition
Oxytetracycline
(alternatives: high dose penicillin, oral doxycycline) |
|
|
Term
| How would you reduce inflammation in lyme disease cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Pigeon Fever in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What geographical regions are you more likely to see Pigeon Fever in? |
|
Definition
drought areas
CA, pacific northwest |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Pigeon Fever? |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| how is pigeon fever transitted |
|
Definition
| insect trasmission through bites in skin |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are associated with pigeon fever? |
|
Definition
low grade fever; lethargy; anorexia; progressive weight loss; debility; lameness; cellulitis and ulcerative lymphangitis (edematous swelling distal limbs/pectorals/ventral abdomen, ulceration, small draining sores)
(variably: lymphangitis, deep muscle abscesses, chronic weight loss, recurrent drainage, purpura) |
|
|
Term
| how would you diagnose pigeon fever? |
|
Definition
region and clinical appearance
clinical/ultrasound evidence of abscess
culture
serum hemagglutination inhibition test |
|
|
Term
| how do you treat pigeon fever? |
|
Definition
*lance & drain abscesses
-long term Abx: *penicillin, or erythromycin +/-rifampin (after lance)
-NSAID (if painful)
-local wound care |
|
|
Term
| what is the prognosis for pigeon fever? |
|
Definition
good if simple abscess
guarded if internal abscess |
|
|
Term
What equine disease does African Horse Sickness resemble?
What are the clinical signs of african horse sickness?
what is the prognosis of african horse sickness? |
|
Definition
- EVA
- severe edema! cardiac failure!
- poor; very high mortality |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 Alpha Herpesviruses that affect horses and the major body system affected by each |
|
Definition
EHV-1: abortion; neuro
EHV-4: respiratory
EHV-3: coital exanthema-genitalia (+mouth)
EHV-9: experimental infxn->mild fever |
|
|
Term
| What are the two gamma herpesviruses and what is their major consequence |
|
Definition
EHV-2: oral & esophageal ulcerations in foal; pharyngitis
EHV-5: multinodular pulmonary fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| What Herpesvirus strains are prevalent in donkeys? |
|
Definition
AHV-1: coital exanthema
AHV-2: neuro
AHV-3: rhinitis (similar to EHV-1)
AHV-4,5,6: interstitial pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| T/F: EHV is reportable and contagious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What to EHV strains have been implicated in rhinopneumonitis? |
|
Definition
EHV-4**: epidemics at racetracks
EHV-1: greater concern
-abortion concerns
-neuro disease |
|
|
Term
| How are Rhinopneumonitis forms of EHV transmitted? |
|
Definition
| spread via aerosol, direct contact, fomites |
|
|
Term
| what clinical signs occur with EHV caused rhinopneumonitis? |
|
Definition
respiratory signs, similar to flu but less severe
fever (biphasic), nasal discharge, +/- cough, pharyngitis, tracheitis, 2nd bacterial infxn, rarely see bronchopneumonia, rarely see GI signs, keratitis, conjunctivitis
young horses more often affected, signs mild unless animal is very stressed |
|
|
Term
| What EHV strain is most commonly implicated in abortion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does an EHV-1 caused abortion typically occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: EHV-1 is transmittable via embryo transfer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If foals infected with EHV-1 are born alive how do they present? |
|
Definition
born alive, but weak
progressive lower resp signs
extensive tissue damage to internal organs (lungs/liver) |
|
|
Term
| List some DDx of equine abortion |
|
Definition
EHV-1
EVA
Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
Placental infxns
Leptospirosis
Hypothyroidism
Twins
Fescue |
|
|
Term
| What EHV strain is implicated in myeloencephalopathy? |
|
Definition
EHV-1 (Findlay strain)
-gene mutation in a DNA polymerase->
high risk of neuro disease; more
aggressive replication-> extremely
high viremia |
|
|
Term
| What clinical history might you find in a horse infected with the neurologic/myeloencephalopathy form of EHV-1? |
|
Definition
poor appetite
fever
mild nasal discharge
abortion
mild limb edema |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are associated with the neuro form of EHV-1? |
|
Definition
fever (precedes neuro signs), incoordination, bladder paresis, reduced tail tone, +/- cranial nerve deficits, viremia
(weak anal/vulva tone, inability to retract the penis into the sheath, orchitis, scrotal edema, mild limb edema, retinal hemorrhage, chorioretinitis, hives) |
|
|
Term
| What causes the neuro signs assoc w/ EHV-1? |
|
Definition
spinal cord damage > brain damage
-vasculitis and thrombo-ischemia |
|
|
Term
| T/F: recumbency is a good prognostic sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is EHV diagnosis a challenge? |
|
Definition
complicated by:
- latent infxns (virus in lymphoid,
nervous tissue)
- subclinical infxns
- ability of virus to infect in spite
of high titers
other dz's cause similar signs
clients reluctant to spend money on Dx |
|
|
Term
| What are some DDx for neuro disease in horses |
|
Definition
| EEE, WEE, WNV, equine protozoal myelitis, rabies, trauma, wobblers syndrome, liver disease, plant toxicities, equine degenerative myelopathy, equine motor neuron disease, migrating parasite, abscess, neoplasia, cuada equina syndrome |
|
|
Term
| How would you Dx EHV infxns? |
|
Definition
clinical signs
virus isolation & rtPCR
serology
CSF
immunohistochem
histopath |
|
|
Term
| what samples can be collected for EHV virus isolation & rtPCR? |
|
Definition
nasal swabs
whole blood-buffy coat
lymphoid/placenta/fetus/CNS tissues |
|
|
Term
| how is serology used in EHV diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| demonstrate a 4x rise in titer over 7-21days |
|
|
Term
| How is cerbrospinal fluid used in Dx of EHV? |
|
Definition
**xanthochromia (RBC breakdown products)
elevated protein
elevated EHV antibody titer |
|
|
Term
| what might be seen on histopath to Dx EHV? |
|
Definition
| vasculitis, intranuclear inclusions |
|
|
Term
| what equine viral disease is associated with xanthochromia of the CSF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you trx EHV infection? |
|
Definition
symptomatic
address bacterial infx
address fever
neuro complications (vasculitis)
- NSAIDs, DMSO, corticosteroids
- supportive care, sling, prevent
urine scald
Antivirals???
(acyclovir IV, valacyclovir PO)
Interferon, vit E |
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|
Term
| what is an important tool for early detection of EHV cases? |
|
Definition
| monitor for fevers 2x daily |
|
|
Term
| what kind of natural immunity results from EHV infection? |
|
Definition
short lived
newly infected in 3-6months
repeat abortion or neuro signs unlikely |
|
|
Term
| Name an immunomodulator approved as an aid in reducing upper resp dz assoc. w/ EHV-1 & 4 |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a vaccine for EHV? |
|
Definition
yes
controversial in the face of an outbreak; not ideal if already exposed |
|
|
Term
| How can you prevent EHV infections? |
|
Definition
avoid exposure
reduce stress*
vaccination
-killed, intranasal, modified live |
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|
Term
| How do EHV killed vaccines work? |
|
Definition
| induce IgG(T) Ab, measurable by virus isolation, complement fixation |
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|
Term
| How do EHV intranasal vaccines work? |
|
Definition
| induce mucosal immunity, CMI |
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|
Term
| How do EHV modified live vaccines work? |
|
Definition
| induce cytotoxic T cells, IgG, but NO mucosal immunity |
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|
Term
| What is the name of an EHV vaccine that works against the resp, neuro, and abortion forms? |
|
Definition
| Rhinomune (modified live vaccine) |
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Term
| Is leptospirosis zoonotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Leptospirosis serogroups are implicated in horses? |
|
Definition
L. bratislava
L. interrogans* |
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|
Term
| What clinical signs are assoc. with equine leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
uveitis (moonblindness/ periodic ophthalmia), renal disease, liver disease (rare)
foals: renal/hepatic/lung damage, fever, icterus, hematuria, resp distress, death |
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|
Term
| How would you diagnose Leptospirosis in horses? |
|
Definition
serology
culture (urine w/o diuretics,midstream)
cytology and FAT of body fluids
culture of tissues (low sensitivity)
necropsy |
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|
Term
| What might you see on necropsy in a leptospirosis case? |
|
Definition
aborted fetus & placenta:
- chorioallantoic edema/necrosis,
cystic allantoic masses, fetal
hepatomegaly, renal edema,
nephritis
culture fetal kidney |
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|
Term
What are major r/o for:
abortion
uveitis |
|
Definition
abortion: EHV-1, EVA, mare repro loss syndrome, placental infxns, leptospirosis, hypothyroidism, twins, fescue
uveitis: concurrent Lyme disease, genetic predisposition if Appaloosa |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Abx: (drug of choice?)
- high dose IV K penecillin
- Timentin IV
- Tetracycline
- Erythromycin
Uveitis: anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclosporin |
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|
Term
| is there a vaccine for lepto? |
|
Definition
not in the US
cattle/pig vaccines extralabel |
|
|
Term
| What organism is responsible for equine Anthrax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is equine Anthrax reportable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is equine anthrax zoonotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the vegetative and spore state of anthrax? |
|
Definition
vegetative: causes dz
spore: persists in environment |
|
|
Term
| What is the reservoir for Anthrax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what climate are anthrax cases more common? |
|
Definition
peak cases in summer months
- assoc with flooding; long dry spring |
|
|
Term
| T/F: the carcass and body fluids of an anthrax case are extremely dangerous to people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three forms of anthrax disease? |
|
Definition
cutaneous
pulmonary
gastrointestinal |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with anthrax? |
|
Definition
Depends on route of transmission:
Ingestion: septicemia, enteritis, colic, trembling, seizures, may bleed from body orifices, high mortality
Inhalation: hemorrhagic mediastinitis. rapidly fatal
Cutaneous: (insect bites), SQ swellings in throut, other dependent areas, localized lesions, high fever +/- colic |
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|
Term
| what route of anthrax transmission is responsible for septicemia, enteritis, colic, trembling, seizures, bleeding from body orifices, and high mortality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what route of anthrax transmission is responsible for SQ swellings in the throat, other dependent areas, localized lesions, high fever +/- colic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what route of anthrax transmission is responsible for hemorrhagic mediastinitis and is rapidly fatal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some DDx for anthrax in horses |
|
Definition
| clostridial diseases, purpura, enteritis, toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ID organism in tissues or peripheral blood (Gram stain ELISA, FA)
post mortem NOT recommended due to risk
*just draw blood from carcass
rendering CONTRAINDICATED |
|
|
Term
| How can you trx anthrax in horses? |
|
Definition
if catch early:
- penicillin or oxytet
- anthrax antiserum if available |
|
|
Term
| How should you dispose of anthrax infected carcasses? |
|
Definition
complete incineration
bury ashes 6ft underground |
|
|
Term
| is there an anthrax vaccine? |
|
Definition
yes, but very reactive!
-need state vet permission to use
-currently recommended for all cattle
in NW MN
- seldom used in horses due to
injection site rxn |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common manifestations of Brucellosis in horses? |
|
Definition
| "fistulous whithers" and "poll evil" |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of Brucellosis in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is equine brucellosis reportable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is equine brucellosis zoonotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is fistulous whithers? (or what does it cause) |
|
Definition
supraspinous bursitis
-swelling and draining lesions |
|
|
Term
| what is poll evil? (or what does it cause) |
|
Definition
atlantal bursitis
-swelling and draining lesion on back
of head |
|
|
Term
| what clinical signs are associated with Brucellosis in horses? |
|
Definition
| +/- navicular bursitis, atlantal bursitis, supraspinous bursitis, generalized infxn (if exposed by cattle, stiffness, lethargy, fluctuating fever |
|
|
Term
| How do you Dx brucellosis in horses? |
|
Definition
| clinical signs, culture and serology (agglutination test) |
|
|
Term
| how do you trx brucellosis in horses |
|
Definition
| Abx; debride local lesions |
|
|
Term
| is there an equine brucellosis vaccine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is vesicular stomatitis in horses reportable? why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what clinical signs are assoc. with vesicular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| fever, oral ulcerations, vesicles on epithelial surfaces (rupture-> ulcers; oral cavity; coronary band; teats), salivation, drooling, anorexia/weight loss, mild lameness, rarely slough hoof |
|
|
Term
| how is vesicular stomatitis transmitted? |
|
Definition
insect vector
aerosol or direct contact (need break in skin or mm surface) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: vesicular stomatitis is a self limiting disease that usually resolves in 1-5wks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you diagnose vesicular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| PCR or virus isolation (aspirate or scrape) or serology |
|
|
Term
| list some DDx for vesicular stomatitis |
|
Definition
| bister beetle, grass awns, bullous pemphigoid, caustic agents, EHV-3, (rabies, dysphagia, choke) |
|
|
Term
| how do you trx vesicular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What equine infectious diseases are a zoonotic concern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What equine infectious diseases are Reportable? |
|
Definition
EIA
EVA
EEE
Rabies
Vesicular stomatitis
WEE
WNV
Borrelia (Lyme)
Bacillus anthracis
Brucella (Brucellosis) |
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