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| First civilian director of the CIA. First director of the CIA to successfully dispose of a foreign leader by covert means. He was also a large player in Operation PBSSUCCESS, in part because of his and his brother's place on the board of the United Fruit Company. Therefore, he participated in getting rid of Allende. |
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| in Cuba was an extended period of economic crisis that began in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Saw a severe economic depression in the early-to-mid 1990's before slightly declining in severity towards the end of the decade. Defined by the severe shortages of hydrocarbon energy resources in the form of gasoline, diesel, and other oil derivatives that occurred upon the implosion of economic agreements between the oil-rich Soviet Union and Cuba. The periodtransformed Cuban society and the economy, as it necessitated the successful introduction of sustainable agriculture, decreased use of automobiles, and overhauled industry, health, and diet countrywide. Cuba lost 80% of imports and exports during this time as well. Also, food rations were intesnified and food allocations for families were based on minimal requirements. |
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| The time period after Ubico was overthrown by Arbenz and Arana, period of free speech and political activity, proposed land reform, and a perception that great progress could be made in Guatemala. A civilian president, Juan José Arévalo, was elected in 1945 and held the presidency until 1951. A former professor, he brought about social reforms, allowing new political parties and unions (with some restrictions), which pacifyed the public. |
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| native of Vieques, Puerto Rico whose death became a rallying point for those opposed to the U.S. military presence on and use of his home island for live-fire bombing practice. |
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| “Chileanization of Copper” |
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| Frei's policy which led the government to take 51 percent ownership of the mines controlled by United States companies, principally those of Anaconda and Kennecott. Critics complained that the companies received overly generous terms, invested too little in Chile, and retained too much ownership. Nevertheless, copper production rose, and Chile received a higher return from the enterprises. |
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| president of Guatemala from July 8, 1954 until his assassination in 1957. He was put in power instead of Arbenz to get rid of the communists, which he did through the establishment of death squads (first in Latin America.) The CIA supported Armas and his army. Created the national committee of defense against communism and eliminated trade unions, banned political parties. |
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| the Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army at the time of the 1970 Chilean presidential election, when he was assassinated during a botched kidnapping attempt. His murder assured Salvador Allende's election by the Chilean Congress two days later because people started seeing corruption. He was killed because the US was trying to sway him to help overthrow Allende, but he was a constitutionalist so he could not be swayed, hence his assasination. Coined the military doctrine that was really anti-military intervention in politics. |
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| An American journalist who was killed with Charlie Horman during the coup in Chile. Him and his American roommate were both arrested and taken to the stadium although he was the only one of the two to be shot. The search by their friends and family was dramatized in the film "Missing." |
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| a CIA-organized covert operation that overthrew the democratically-elected President of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in 1954. Arbenz had to redistrubute land and United Fruit Company's land and the CIA saw this as communist in nature and therefore a threat. The operation was a result of anti-communist fears during the McCarthy era and involved psychological and idealogical warfare, as well as military force and political manipulation. PB stands for "Presidential Board" and with the words that followed, SUCCESS and FORTUNE, simply being indicative of the general optimism and confidence amongst its planners at the CIA at the time. |
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| bill presented by U.S. Congressman Robert Torricelli and passed in 1992 - prohibited foreign-based subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba, travel to Cuba by U.S. citizens, and family remittances to Cuba. The act was passed as “A bill to promote a peaceful transition to democracy in Cuba through the application of sanctions directed at the Castro government and support for the Cuban people.” |
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| the centre-left President of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954, when he was ousted in a coup d'état organized by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, known as Operation PBSUCCESS, and was replaced by a military junta, headed by Colonel Carlos Castillo, plunging the country into chaos and long-lasting political turbulence. Arbenz was only the 2nd president to be elected by universal suffrage election, he campaigned as a reformer. He continued Arevalo's reform agenda and hoped expropriate unused land. |
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| Literally means "Associated free state," In English is officially "the commonwealth of Puerto Rico." In 1950, US govt gave Puerto Rico to have a constitutional convention that gave them the option of voting a preference on whether or not the US would organize Puerto Rico into a commonwealth. Approved word commonwealth to represent the relationship between US and Puerto Rico |
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| Chilean road, Chile's experiment with the parlimentary road to socialism. Allende's election was intitally viewed as La via Chilena however the resulting coup was a response to this small victory and t this day the foundation of Chilean politics involve peaceful and gradual reform rather then revolutionary change and the only possible option for the working class movement. The movement also involved the use of an existing political machine and was an epic fail. |
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| the treaty that ended the Cuban Ten Years' War. Slaves who had fought against Spain were given freedom. The Maceo brothers refused to sign the treaty and kept on fighting until they took to exile to return later. Calixto Garcia was released from Spanish prison. |
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| a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act presented to the U.S. Senate by Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt (1827-1905) replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. The amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Amendment ensured US involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to US claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. |
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| Christian Democratic Party |
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| political party in Chile, A centrist democratic party which was made up of upper middle class and working class supporters. This party was in favor of a just society in a fair way or a reformed capitalism to help the poorest people. During the election of 1973, Frei opposed Allende's election and supported armed force intervention in removing him from office because he got monetary compensation from US government, However, Frei would later on be part of opposition of Pinochet government. In July 28, 1957, primarily to back the presidential candidacy of Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Falange Nacional, Social Christian Conservative Party, and other like-minded groups joined to form the Christian Democratic Party. Christian Democrat vote was crucial in the Congressional confirmation of Allende's election, since he had received less than the necessary 50 %. Although the Christian Democratic Party voted to confirm Allende's election, they declared themselves as part opposition because of Allende's economic policy. By 1973, Allende has lost the support of most Christian Democrats some of whom even began calling for the military to step in. Nevertheless, during Augusto Pinochet's government, the Christian Democrats remained an opposition party, denouncing Pinochet's human rights violations |
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| a United States federal law which strengthens and continues the United States embargo against Cuba. Involved foreign companies and recieved a lot of criticism from the International community because it was not in the spirit of International soveriegnty. The act extended the territorial application of the initial embargo to apply to foreign companies trading with Cuba, and penalized foreign companies allegedly "trafficking" in property formerly owned by U.S. citizens but expropriated by Cuba after the Cuban revolution. The act also covers property formerly owned by Cubans who have since become U.S. citizens.[1] |
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| concluding sentence and subsequent title of a four-hour speech made by Fidel Castro on 16 October 1953. Castro made the speech in his own defense in court against the charges brought against him after leading an attack on the Moncada Barracks. Though no record of Castro's words was kept, he reconstructed them later for publication in what was to become the manifesto of his 26th of July Movement. |
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| a United States federal law that established civilian government on the island of Puerto Rico, which had been newly acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War. Section VII of the Foraker Act also established Puerto Rican citizenship. Also established that the governing body is appointed by the president of the US and there is a non-voting resident commissioner in congress. President William McKinley signed the act on April 12, 1900 [2] and it became known as the Foraker Act after its sponsor, Ohio Senator Joseph B. Foraker. |
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