Term
| What are some of the more common substances that the kidney excretes? |
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Definition
| urea, uric acid, creatinine, urobilinogen |
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Term
| What peptide hormone do the kidneys produce that stimulates RBC production? |
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Definition
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Term
| what colors the urine yellow? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most common extracellular cation in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is hypernatremia a sign of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the normal sodium conc in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is the kidney a metabolic organ? |
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Definition
| it participates in gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| what vitamin does the kidney convert from inactive to active? |
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Definition
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Term
| what part of the kidney has the most autoregulatory function? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the path of blood in the kidneys? |
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Definition
renal artery
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
venules
renal vein |
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Term
| how many nephrons does each kidney have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the path of urine in the nephron? |
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Definition
Bowman's capsule
proximal tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
nephron ends at common collecting duct |
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Term
| which part of the nephron dives into the renal medulla |
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Definition
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Term
| what fraction of nephrons are long-looped? |
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Definition
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Term
| what structure of the nephron dictates the concentration of urine? |
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Definition
| the Loop of Henle -- the longer the loop, the more concentrated the urine |
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Term
| what are the "headwaters of urine flow"? |
|
Definition
| the plasma that is filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space |
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Term
| is resistance to blood in glomerular capillaries high or low? |
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Definition
| it is very low because there are many parallel pathways |
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Term
| how does the filtration coefficient of glomerular capillaries compare to systemic capillaries? |
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Definition
| glomerular capillaries have a 200x greater filtration coefficient |
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Term
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Definition
| macula densa cells (of distal tubule) and JG effector cells (of afferent arteriole) |
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Term
| what do macula densa cells do? |
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Definition
| they detect distal tubular fluid flow/osmolarity and send signals to afferent arterioles through the JG cells to regulate urine flow through that single nephron |
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Term
| what percentage of filtered substances and water are reabsorbed back into the peritubular capillary blood at the long proximal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle thick? |
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Definition
| it is thick with mitochondria supporting high metabolic activities |
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Term
| how is the blood flow in the kidney divided among the cortex and medulla? |
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Definition
| 90% to cortex, 8% to outer medulla, 2% to inner medulla |
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|
Term
| what percent of the cardiac output do kidneys receive? |
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Definition
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|
Term
what percent of blood from the efferent arterioles branches into peritubular capillaries?
outer and inner medullary vasa recta capillaries? |
|
Definition
peritubular capillaries - 90%
outer medullary vasa recta capillaries - 8%
inner medullary vasa recta capillaries - 2% |
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|
Term
| which capillaries process substances to and from the proximal and distal tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| which capillaries process substances to and from the loops of Henle and collecting duct? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do NaCl and Urea get reabsorbed in the ascending or descending vasa recta? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does water get reabsorbed in the ascending or descending vasa recta? |
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Definition
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Term
| what vasculature provides a division between cortex and medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three classes of renal variables and their units? |
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Definition
1. flow (ml/min)
2. concentration (mg/ml)
3. loads (mg/min) |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of renal loads? |
|
Definition
filtered load, secreted load, reabsorbed load, excreted load
F + S = R + E |
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|
Term
| which renal loads are active? which are passive? |
|
Definition
active = secretion, reabsorption
passive = filtration, excretion |
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|
Term
what is the normal urine flow?
what is the normal urine concentration? |
|
Definition
urine flow = 1 ml/min
urine concentration = 700 mosm/L |
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|
Term
| what percent of water is reabsorbed? sodium? glucose? urea? |
|
Definition
water - 99%
sodium - 99.5%
glucose - 100%
urea - 50% |
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