Shared Flashcard Set

Details

L307 midterm
midterm questions
124
Biology
Undergraduate 4
10/20/2014

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is biodiversity? (Convention)
Definition
'Biological diveristy' means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems
Term
3 elements of biodiversity
Definition
1. genetic
2. organismal
3. ecological
Term
genetic diversity
Definition
populations, individuals, chromosomes, genes, nucleotides
Term
organismal diversity
Definition
domains/kingdoms, phyla, families, genera, species, subspecies, populations, individuals
Term
ecological diversity
Definition
biomes, bioregions, landscapes, ecosystems, habitats, niches, populations
Term
2 components for measuring biodiversity
Definition
1. the number of entities
2. the degree of difference between those entities
Term
why use species richness as common currency? (4)
Definition
1. practical application
2. exisiting information
3. surrogacy
4. wide application
Term
limitations of using species richness
Definition
1. definition of spices
2. different kinds of diversity
Term
species richness (S)
Definition
number of species per unit area
Term
species diversity (H')
Definition
number of species per unit area weighted by their relative abundance
Term
evenness (J)
Definition
H'/Hmax == species diversity / species max

maximum evenness when all species are equally abundant
Term
alpha vs. beta vs. gamma diversity
Definition
alpha: diversity of species WITHIN a habitat
beta: diversity of species BETWEEN habitats
gamma: average alpha diversity plus beta diversity
Term
species area curve
Definition
S=cA^z

suggests underlying law that only a certain amount of species can be in that area
Term
rank order abundance diagram
Definition
displays relative species abundance

species sequence (x) x relative importance % (y)

steeper slope = less even the species are distributed
Term
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Definition
local species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent
Term
latiduinal gradient in species richness
Definition
peak of diversity is often near equator
Term
peninsular effect
Definition
fewer species as you go down the peninsula

smaller area = higher extinction
isolation position = less immigration
Term
tulip poplar
Definition
tulipy shaped leaf
Term
white pine
Definition
pine tree, Christmas tree looking tree
skinnier trunk
pine needles (more needle like)
Term
red oak
Definition
green and red leaves in fall, bark has reddish tint to it

leaves are veined and lobed; pointy at lobes; 9-10 lobes per leaf-ish
Term
sugar maple
Definition
maple leaf -- think maple syrup leaf
red and green leaves
chippy kind of bark
Term
chinquapin oak
Definition
bigger tree
rounded leaves with many small pointy/round lobes on it
Term
red bud
Definition
purple flowers, nitrogen-fixing
red-tint barked
leaves are in shape of heart in a way
Term
dogwood
Definition
white flowers
very rounded laves (like a longer christmas ornament)
Term
hornbeam
Definition
white-tint barked
several trunks wrapped around each other
rounded leaf (in shape of long christmas ornament); however, these leaves (different from the dogwood) have serrated edges
Term
white ash
Definition
prey of emerald ash borer, compound leaves
five leaves on a little twig = one compound leaf
smaller leaves are rounded with end pointed
Term
shell bark hickory
Definition
compound leaves, nuts with green coating
5 leaves on one twig = compound leaf
bark is kind of like shag bark but darker and definitely not as shaggy
Term
honey locust
Definition
branches with thorns to protect it
compounds leaves are very long, i.e. over 20 leaves on each compound leaf. smaller leaves are long and round, rounded at end.
Term
pawpaw
Definition
big fruits, leaves smell like diesel fuel, tropical

leaves are very long and rounded with sort of pointed ends, droopy
Term
spicebush
Definition
shrub, deer won't eat, often covered in red berries

leaves are larger, rounded, and pointed at end like Christmas ornament
Term
pignut hickory
Definition
pignuts are large green nuts (look like balls)
leaves are skinny and long with pointed ends
Term
white oak
Definition
white oak bark

leaves have rounded lobes with about 5 lobes per leaf
Term
cedar
Definition
leaves kind of look like coral fungi. not needles, but still pine looking
christmas tree looking
Term
shagbark hickory
Definition
shagbark, very obvious
compound leaves , leaves are large and small, about five per compound leaf, close together, almost look like marijuana leaf
Term
beech tree
Definition
bark isn't really bark; very think bark

leaves look like they are coated in plastic almost
leaves are rounded with pointed ends; VERY thick and visible veins coming out of main vein
Term
sassafras
Definition
thicker bark
leaves are three lobed, kind of like a dove flying towards the stem; also rounded larger leaves with rounded ends
Term
white mulberry
Definition
a variety of leaves
thicker and darker green
veins are very visible coming out of main vein
white mulberry fruits
Term
Why so many families of angiosperms?
Definition
most of the differentiation of families during early stages of angiosperm evolution was based upon characters affecting the gynoecium -> strategies for securing max seed production, seed dispersal, and competitive survival of the seedlings
Term
early angiosperm characteristics promoting diversification
Definition
-closed carpel
-stylar canal
-intercalary meristems
-reduction of female gametophyte to 8 nucleate embryo sac
-evolution of double fertilization (triploid endosperm)
Term
Asteraceae family
Definition
aster, daisy, composite, sunflower
Term
anisodactyl
Definition
3 toes forward, 1 hallux backward
Term
zygodactyl
Definition
reversed toe is 4th toe, 2 back, 2 forward
Term
10 unifying characteristics of birds
Definition
1. feathers
2. bills
3. skeletal specializations -- fusion & reduction of bones
4. bipedal and digitigrade feet
5. centralized body mass
6. pneumatic bones
7. high metabolism = endothermic
8. specialized respiratory and circulatory systems
9. highly developed CNS and vision
10. large nutrient-rich eggs
Term
specialized respiratory system of birds
Definition
high demand for O2: high body temp and high metabolic rate

very efficient lungs: morphology and unidirectional air flow
Term
specialized circulatory system of birds
Definition
-slower HR at rest than mammals
-sustained activity levels
Term
birds descended from _______________
Definition
Archosaur reptiles

Dinosaura --> Saurischia --> Theropoda --> Coelurosauna
Term
Maniraptora
Definition
dinosaurs that include many small ones with avian characteristics--> feathers and flight capability, bill, bone morphology, reap. system, eggs.
Term
reasons feathers evolved
Definition
-insulation/thermoregulation, display, camouflage, foraging
Term
Anchiornis Troodontid
Definition
smallest known non-avian dinosaur, 13 inches
Term
Class of Birds
Definition
Aves
Term
Anseriformes
Definition
Swans, Ducks, Geese, Screamers
--aquatic/semi-aquatic birds
--webbed feet
--flat bills for filtering, pulling aquatic vegetation
--high body mass relative to wing surface area
Term
Galliformes
Definition
chicken-like birds (grouse, turkey, quail, pheasant)
-strong legs, heavy feet
-cryptic coloring
-short bill with curved upper bill for seed-eating
-poor long-distance fliers
Term
Pelecaniformes
Definition
pelicans, herons, egrets, ibises
-medium to large aquatic birds
-pelicans have webbed toes, herons have long toes
-mostly fish-eaters
-herons have pouched bill for scooping, pelicans have sharp powerful bills for stabbing
-long, broad wings for thermal soaring
Term
accipitrifomes
Definition
eagles, hawks, vultures
-carnivorous, --> sharp, pointed, heavily curved culmens (beaks)
-sharp, pointed talons
-high wing surface area per body mass (low wing loading)
Term
Charadriformes
Definition
shorebirds, terns, gulls, plovers, sandpipers
-waders, swimmers, diverse water birds
-very diverse bill shapes and sizes
-some webbed feet, some unwebbed with long toes
-bill variation in shorebirds
plovers: small, surface inter vertebrates
yellow legs, knot: worms, bivalves, and crustacea
curlew and godwit: lugworms
-exploit all available food to reduce competition
Term
Strigiformes
Definition
owls
-mostly nocturnal birds of pretty --> small, heavily decurved bills and strong feet with claws
-large heads with forward facing eyes --> concentrate sound and hearing sensitivities
-soft specialized plumage to muffle sound
-fring-like striations on leading edge of primaries silence flight
-low wing loading, so don't need to flap as much
Term
apodiformes
Definition
hummingbirds and swifts
-small birds with tiny feed, no perching
-very accomplished fliers
-hummingbird bill: tubular for nectar-feeding, some insects
-swifts: wide mouth with bristles for catching insects
Term
piciformes
Definition
woodpeckers, toucans, honeyguides
-zygodactyl feet
-stout, pointed bills (woodpeckers) for drilling holes
-stiff tail feathers for support while climbing
-cavity nesters
-long tongues
Term
passeriformes
Definition
perching birds, songbirds
-largest, 1/2 of world's birds
-unwebbed feet, anisodactyl, good for perching
-superior learning abilities because of large brains
-mainly brightly colored
Term
co-evolution of flowers and pollinators
Definition
-strong, selective pressures on both groups
-birds: pollinaators --> increase efficiency and decrease competition
-flowers: increase chance of pollination, increase in RS
Term
4 types of feathers
Definition
1. contour: cover body and wings, firm
2. flight: asymmetric vanes, firm
3. down: found under countour, for insulation
4. semilplumes: more structure than down, but not as warm
Term
2 things cladogenesis requires
Definition
1. evolutionary (genetic) differentiation between lineages, in 1st traits
2. mechanisms to preserve the evolutionary differences between populations
Term
2 mechanisms that preserve evolutionary differences
Definition
natural selection, reproductive isolation
Term
4 forces that cause evolutionary change
Definition
1. mutation
2. migration
3. genetic drift
4. selection
Term
2 conditions that are most associated with accelerated evolution of new species
Definition
1. lack of homogenizing gene flow
2. strong directional/diversifying selection
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
a rapid diversification event that produces a cluster of species, occupying a series of habitats, all evolved from a recent ancestor
Term
reproductive isolation is....
Definition
the by-product of divergence, not its goal
Term
5 major groups of plants
Definition
1. bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
2. lycophytes (club mosses and quillworts)
3. Fern and fern allies (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
4. gymnosperms (confiers, like pines, spruce, redwood, cypress)
5. angiosperms (flowering plants)
Term
monocots vs. dicots -- cotyledon
Definition
1 vs 2
Term
monocots vs. dicots -- floral parts
Definition
in 3s vs. in 4s of 5s
Term
monocots vs. dicots -- leaf veins
Definition
parallel vs. netlike
Term
monocots vs. dicots -- pollen grain
Definition
1 pore / furrow vs. 3 pores / furrow
Term
monocots vs. dicots -- vascular bundles
Definition
vascular bundles throughout stems ground tissue vs. stems vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Term
3 major evolutionary trends in plants
Definition
1. increasing dominance of sporophyte phase
2. increased independence from water
3. production of seeds
Term
symbiosis
Definition
2 organisms of different species living together in close association
Term
the significant of insects (5)
Definition
1. insects are highly speciose.
2. insects are immensely destructive
3. insects are important disease vectors (malaria, plague, sleeping sickness)
4. insects are indispensable as pollinators, natural enemies, food, and decomposers
5. the study of insects continues to be instrumental for scientific advances
Term
malaria
Definition
invades and destroys RBCS

transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes
Term
plague
Definition
causes widespread organ failure

transmitted by fleas carried by rats
Term
sleeping sickness / trypanomiasis
Definition
widespread organ failure

transmitted by Tsetse fly
Term
scientific advances because of study of insects
Definition
mutation, sex chromosomes, sex determination, parthenogenesis, action potential
Term
phylum of insects
Definition
Arthropoda
Term
3 characteristics of arthropods
Definition
1. external skeleton
2. segmented
3. jointed legs

ANIMALS
Term
4 subphylums of arthropods
Definition
1. chelicerata
2. crustacea
3. insecta
4. myriapoda
Term
chelicerata
Definition
spiders, scorpions, and their relatives

front and back part; legs only on front part, in pairs
Term
crustacea
Definition
shrimp, crabs, and their relatives

2 pairs atennae, organization into head and thorax, trunk has appendages
Term
insecta
Definition
insects

antenna, head and compound eye, thorax, abdomen, leg
Term
myriapoda
Definition
millipedes and centipedes

milli = 2 pairs of legs / segment
centi = 1 pair of legs / segment
Term
aedeagus
Definition
insect penis; heavily sclertotized, solid tube, often with hooks and projections -- delivers sperm and functions in male-male competition
Term
Honey Bee Case Study
Definition
Honey bees rely exclusively on pollen and nectar as food resources. Individual forager needs identify forage sites. When initial forager is prevented from returning, nest mates still appear quickly at new forage site. SOMEHOW information is exchanged in the hive that allows nest mates to locate a new forage site. --> the waggle dance
Term
waggle dance communicates 3 things
Definition
1. quality of forage site (by intensity of dance)
2. distance away from nest site (by length of straight part)
3. direction relative to current position of sun (by angle and direction of straight part)
Term
Case Study on Insect Development using Butterfly and Larvae
- 3 types of develpment
Definition
1. hemimetabolous development -- incomplete metamorphosis; egg to 1st to 5th instal nymph to adult
2. holometabolous development -- complete metamorphosis; egg to 1st to 3rd instal larva to pupa to adult
3. hypermetamorphosis -- radical changes from one larval stage to the next
Term
Termite Case Study
Definition
-cooperation requires communication
-trail pheromones --> widespread in social insects, mark trail to food sources or nest entrances
Term
Firefly case study
Definition
Female Photuris flies eat only male Photinus flies. Female Photuris flies exploit communication between male and female Photinus. Photuris females ingest and use Photinus lucibufagins for their own defense against spiders.
Term
8 important insect orders
Definition
1. heteroptera
2. auchennorhyncha
3. stenorrlyncha
4. trichoptera
5. lepidoptera
6. coleoptera
7. hymneoptera
8. orthoptera
Term
heteroptera
Definition
assassin bugs, ambush bugs, water scorpions, water striders, leaf-footed bugs, stink bugs
Term
auchenorrhyncha
Definition
cicadas, leafhoppers, tree hoppers, spittle bugs, frog hoppers, toad bugs
Term
stenorrlyncha
Definition
aphids, whiteflies, scale insects
Term
trichoptera
Definition
caddisflies, adults are moth-like
Term
lepidoptera
Definition
butteflies and moths (monarchs, admirals, metalmark, blues, coppers)

Papilionidae: butterfly superfamily
Term
coleoptera
Definition
beetles

adephaga (ground beetles, tiger beetles, diving beetles, whirligig beetles)
polyphaga (lady-bird beetles, true weevils, scarabs, chafers, stag beetles)

nicrophorous
Term
Nicrophorus Case Study
Definition
Burying beetles that utilize carcasses as food source
Term
Hymenoptera
Definition
bees, wasps, ants, sawflies

Apocrita, Symphats
Term
Most successful insect species
Definition
ants = Formicidae
Term
Orthoptera
Definition
crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, cockroaches, termites
Term
new order
Definition
mantophasmoatodea
Term
most famous mushroom
Definition
Amanita muscaria var. formosa
Term
artists conk
Definition
Ganoderma applamatum
Term
Trametes versicolor
Definition
turkey tail, most common in eastern deciduous
Term
sterium ostreum
Definition
false turkey tail
Term
Phylum Bryozoa
Definition
class ...?
Term
Phylum Echinodermata
Definition
class: crinoidea, blastoidea, echinodea, sterellaoidea,
Term
Phylum Brachiopoda
Definition
symmetry within 1 valve
Term
phylum cnidaria
Definition
coelenterata

solitary and colonial
Term
how deltas form
Definition
deltas form from the deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flower leaves its mouth; over long periods, this deposition builds the characteristic geographic pattern of a river delta
Term
fungi's role in the ecosystem
Definition
fungi are saprophytes --> they break down and decompose dead plants and animals

fungi can also be parasitic

some fungi are mycorrhizal
Term
intercalary vs apical meristems
Definition
intercalary = grows from base (grasses)
apical = grows from tips
Term
2 patterns of evolutionary change
Definition
1. anagenesis
2. cladogenesis
Term
anagenesis
Definition
transformation of species over time
Term
cladogenesis
Definition
splitting of one species lineage into two daughter species
Term
"ecological species" concept
Definition
closely-related group of organisms that shares the same ecological characteristics (i.e. habitat, food, behaviors, interactions)
Term
"biological species" concept
Definition
closely-related group of organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Term
3 characteristics of plants
Definition
1. photosynthetic
2. multi-cellular
3. alternation of generations
Term
spatial heterogeneity
Definition
the uneven distribution of various concentrations of each species within an area
Term
temporal heterogeneity
Definition
species use daily, seasonal, and multi-annual patterns of migration, colonization, and foraging to take advantage of pulses of resources
Supporting users have an ad free experience!