Term
| common name for nematodes |
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Definition
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Term
| most abundant, common, and genetically diverse group of multicellular organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| where do you find the richest species diversity of nematodes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-tooth present
-hooks on anterior rim of stoma
-voracious blood-feeders in the intestinal mucosa of mammals |
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Term
| belonolaimus = sting nematode |
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Definition
| nematode with long stylet to pierce root cells of plants |
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Term
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Definition
-top nematode predators in soil ecosystems
-razor-like teeth
-teeth for predation on other nematodes have evolved independently several times in nematodes |
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Term
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Definition
-a marine nematode, coral fragments are ideal substrate
-rows of body setae (hair-like structures)
-epsilon shape |
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Term
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Definition
a predatory nematode
-female gonads extend from intestinal area
-male testes located ventrally
-female eggs at posterior oviduct |
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Term
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Definition
| any group of invertebrates with a three-layered body that has a fluid-filled body cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
1. nematodes
2. tardigrada
3. gastrotricha
4. rotifera |
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Term
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Definition
-animals that molt
-microscopic size, but more closely related to arthropods than nematodes |
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Term
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Definition
| -gliding locomotion, ciliated ventral surface |
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Term
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Definition
-prominent ring of cilia (corona)
-nematodes do not have cilia |
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Term
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Definition
1. bilaterally symmetric
2. triploblastic
3. body cavity comprises a "pseudocoelom"
4. total cleavage (no yolk) in embryogenesis
5. determinate cleavage (C. elegans)
6. at least one vermiform life stage |
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Term
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Definition
| endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| four molts (stages) until adult stage, one or two stages may occur within the egg |
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Term
| 4 types of nematode mating systems |
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Definition
1. gonochorism (females, males)
2. andriodioecy (self-fertile hermaphrodites, males)
3. trioecy (self-fertile hermaphrodites, females, males)
4. parthenogenesis (females only) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| class of nematodes in Ecdysozoa |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 characteristics of nematode body systems |
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Definition
1. body wall
2. digestive system
3. reproductive system
4. nervous system
5. excretory system |
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Term
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Definition
| contains cuticle, hypodermis, and muscle |
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Term
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Definition
-nerve ring = "brain"
-amphids = chemosensory organs |
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Term
| 5 types of trophic groups of soil nematodes |
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Definition
1. microbivores
2. carnivores
3. omnivores
4. plant parasites
5. fungivores |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal which feeds on microorganisms |
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Term
| what gene are nematode relationships inferred from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - free living soil and fresh water microbivores |
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Term
| C. elegans model system for |
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Definition
-aging
-cancer research
-neurological disorders
-development of neuroactive drugs
-Alzheimers
-Muscular Dystrophy
-Male contraceptives |
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Term
| 4 major orders of nematodes |
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Definition
1. Rhabditina
2. Monochida
3. Triplonchida
4. Mermithida |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transportation by a vector animal (e.g. insect) |
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Term
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Definition
| "waiting for the cadaver" |
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Term
| 3 suborders of Rhabditina |
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Definition
1. Rhabditina: specialize in organic material
2. Tylenchina: plant parasite, attacks plant roots
3. Spiurina: vertebrate parasite, found in human intestines |
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Term
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Definition
soil parasite, carnivore (predator)
nematode |
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Term
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Definition
| vertebrate parasite nematode |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| those eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, fungi |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. plant-like (algae): euglena
2. animal-like: amoebas, paramecium
3. fungus-like: fungi |
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Term
| 5 defining characteristics of protists |
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Definition
1. a nucleus
2. internal vesicle / membrane systems
3. mitochondria
4. cilia
5. meiosis |
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Term
| 5 defining characteristics of protists |
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Definition
1. a nucleus
2. internal vesicle / membrane systems
3. mitochondria
4. cilia
5. meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
Conjugation and Macronuclear Development
Cell pairing --> Meiosis and nuclear exchange --> nuclear fusion and duplication of zygotic nucleus --> macro nuclear development and nuclear degeneration |
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Term
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Definition
-in some, main life cycle phase is diploid
-in others, main stage is haploid -->asexual reproduction by mitosis |
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Term
| 5 Major examples of protists |
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Definition
1. Symbiodinium
2. forams / Foraminifera
3. Diatoms
4. Dictyostelium
5. Choanoflagellates |
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Term
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Definition
-major type of protist
-consummate dinoflagellate
-free-living symbiont
-makes toxins
-has been transformed
-promoters |
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Term
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Definition
-type of protist
-single-celled
-benthic / planktonic
-many produce "tests" |
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Term
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Definition
-major type of protists
-major group of algae, among most common types of phytoplankton, bilaterally symmetric, some colonial, silicate cell wall
-drive ocean productivity |
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Term
| Dictyostelium = slime molds |
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Definition
-major type of protist
-component of microflora, helps maintain soil balance |
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Term
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Definition
-major type of protist
-closest living relative of animals
-spherical cell body, single flagellum |
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Term
| Paramecium (protist) life cycle |
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Definition
| conjugation (sexual) and mitotic fission (asexual) |
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Term
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Definition
1. diseases of humans
2. red tides / algae blooms
3. oomycetes |
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Term
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Definition
1. essential element of food webs
2. keeps coral alive
3. remove CO2 from oceans
4. grow beef and termites
5. uses in research |
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Term
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Definition
found worldwide in lakes, ponds, hot springs, on top of mountains, in the Antarctic, and in deep ocean sediment
protist |
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Term
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Definition
| a very common Protist covered with hair-like cilia that enable them to glide quickly backward and forward |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny multicellular animals that use crown of cilia to capture their food and people them through water |
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Term
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Definition
| large, single-celled protozoan with very flexible cell walls; have pseudopodia "false foot" extensions |
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Term
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Definition
| a hollow, spherical colony, made up of 100s to thousands of individual photosynthetic algae cells |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular, photosynthetic algal protists |
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Term
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Definition
multicelliular, green algae
unbranched filaments that can form floating green masses in quiet pond water |
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Term
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Definition
| water fleas and aquatic crustaceans, filter feeders that consume phytoplankton |
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Term
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Definition
| a branching green filamentous algae found naturally occurring along shores of lakes and rivers |
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Term
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Definition
| latitudes where, at some time of the year, the sun is directly overhead |
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Term
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Definition
| extensive deposits of limestone produced by living organisms, especially stony corals and algae, that are found in warm, clear, shallow areas of the tropical oceans |
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Term
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Definition
| coral reefs begin to form when free-swimming larvae attach to submerged rocks or other hard surfaces along the edges of islands or continents |
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Term
| What are coral reefs made of? |
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Definition
| Thin layers of calcium carbonate --> massive reefs form when each individual stony coral organism (polyp) secretes a skeleton of calcium carbonate |
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Term
| 5 major phylum related to coral reefs |
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Definition
1. Porifera
2. Cnidaria
3. Mollusca
4. Arthropoda
5. Echinodermata |
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Term
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Definition
-"pore-bearers"
-98% marine, 7-15,000 species
-suspension (filter) feeders
-lack of symmetry
-no nerves or true muscles, lack of organs |
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Term
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Definition
-"nettle (stinging) animals
-moslty marine, approx. 11,000 species
-jellyfish, stony and soft corals, anemones
-radial symmetry
-2 tissue layers with mesoglea
-cnidae or stinging cells for capturing prey |
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Term
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Definition
-"soft-bodied"
-terrestrial, freshwater, and marine; 80,000+ species
-highly variable, but all have a foot and a mantle (which secretes a shell)
-snails, slugs, clams, squids, and octopi |
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Term
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Definition
-jointed-legged
-largest phylum, approx. 7 million species
-marine arthropods usually crustaceans (shrimp, crabs, and lobsters)
-jointed legs and exoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
-"spiny-skinned" animals
-Marine, 6,000 species
-pentamerous (5-sided) symmetry as adults
-starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers |
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Term
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Definition
1. climate change and coral bleaching
2. ocean acidification
3. overfishing, "live rock" trade
4. lionfish invasion in Caribbean |
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Term
| Latitudinal Biodiversity Gradient |
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Definition
-from temperate zone to humid tropics, there is a 10-fold increase in the number of species per unit area
-high concentration of diversity in equatorial regions, declining polewards |
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Term
| 4 explanations for latiduainal biodiversity gradient |
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Definition
1. null-model explanation (mid-domain, pencil box effect)
2. ecological hypotheses (climate, e.g. no freezes)
3. historical explanations (tropics are older)
4. evolutionary hypothesis (diversification ages, trade off between speciation and extinction) |
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Term
| Janzen-Connell Hypothesis |
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Definition
-mostly affects trees and plants
-you don't see species clumped together, you see species mixed up
-tree species that germinate away from parents fair better |
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Term
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Definition
-plants that grow on other plants
-hemiepiphyte = half-epiphyte, e.g. strangler fig |
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Term
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Definition
-some leaves have very long, thin tips
-enable rain drops to runoff quickly, avoiding growth of fungus in warm, wet tropical rain forest |
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Term
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Definition
| ant-acacia tree, orchid-orchid bees, endophytic fungi and plants |
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Term
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Definition
-internal, asympotmatic occurrence
-microscopic fungi that grow inside of the above ground tissue of plants without showing signs of infection |
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Term
| 2 types of endophytic fungi |
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Definition
1. grasses
2. foliar systems |
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Term
| Grass endophytic fungi vs. foliar system endophytic fungi |
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Definition
grass: passed generation to generation, vertically transmitted, 1:1 relationship, produce alkaloids that protect plant from herbivores
foliar systems: obtained from environment, horizontally transmitted; highly diverse, many potential functions, hyper diverse in tropics |
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Term
| bacteria are ubiquitous and abundant |
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Definition
-10^30 bacterial cells on earth
-in every ecosystem
-fill any ecological niche (producer, consumer, predator, prey)
-form relationships with all life forms (plants, animals, insects) |
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Term
| 5 unique characteristics of bacteria |
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Definition
-unicellular
-no nucleus
-DNA = 1 circular chromosome
-no mitochondria, chloroplast, other organelles
-cells walls are made of peptidoglycan |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of Archaea |
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Definition
-many found in 'extreme' environments
-circular genome -->> txn and translation more like Eukarya
-reproduce asexually |
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Term
| bacterial reproduction (3 types) |
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Definition
1. asexual reproduction = make exact copies of each other
2. binary fission by FtsZ ring
3. others = budding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conjugation, transformation, and transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary direct contact between 2 bacterial cells leading to exchange of genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| donor DNA molecule taken up and incorporated into genome of recipient cell |
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Term
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Definition
| involves transfer of genetic material by bacteriophage |
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Term
| how to define a species in bacteria |
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Definition
| 16S rRNA gne --> variable regions have groups of species-specific applications |
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Term
| nameing a bacterial species |
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Definition
1. percent sequence similarity
2. operational taxonomic unit (OTU) |
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Term
| 3 areas of metabolic diversity in bacteria |
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Definition
1. obtaining carbon
2. reducing agents in synthesis reactions
3. obtaining energy |
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Term
| 3 different methods for bacteria to obtain carbon |
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Definition
1. autotrophic --> gain from CO2
2. heterotrophic --> gain from organic compounds
3. mixotrophic --> gain from both CO2 and organic compounds |
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Term
| 2 different methods of reducing agents in synthesis reactions for bacteria |
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Definition
1. lithotrophic: from inorganic compounds
2. organotrophic: from organic compounds |
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Term
| 2 different methods for bacteria to obtain energy |
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Definition
1. chemotrophic: external chemical compounds, via eating
2. phototrophic: from light, photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
carbon fixation of CO2, energy from inorganic compounds
nitrifying bacteria, sulfur-oxidizing bactera, iron-oxidizing bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
energy, carbon, and reducing agents from organic compounds
e.g. most bacteria |
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Term
| 5 special features of bacteria |
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Definition
1. endospores
2. capsules
3. flagella
4. biofilms
5. microbial mats |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria survival tactic, can survive when conditions are unfavorable for reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| extra coating around bacterial walls, difficult to stain |
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Term
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Definition
| help bacteria with movement and as sense to surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms |
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Term
| 6 major phylums of bacteria |
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Definition
1. proteobacteria
2. actinobacteria
3. cyanobacteria
4. firmicutes
5. bacteriodetes
6. spirochetes |
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Term
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Definition
-large phylum, many members
-gram negatives
-many have flagella
-wide variety of metabolic processes |
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Term
| 3 classes of proteobacteria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phototrophs, plant symbionts, insect symbionts, intracellular parasites, plant pathogens, ancestor of mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
-aerobic / facultative bacteria, versatile in degradation capacities
-chemolithotrophs, pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
enterobacteriaceae )salmonella,, E.coli)
vibrionaceae
pseudomonadaceae |
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Term
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Definition
-gram positives
-high G-C content
-both in soil and water, important soil taxa
-contains streptomyces |
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Term
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Definition
-obtain energy through photosynthesis
-ancestor to chloroplasts
-found everywhere
-can be endosymbionts
-nitrogen-fixing |
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Term
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Definition
-most gram positives
-low G-C content
-produce endospores
-notable pathogens
-responsible for beer and wine spoilage |
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Term
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Definition
-gram negative
-non-spore forming
-anaerobic rods
-environmentally diverse
-found in humans |
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Term
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Definition
-double-membrane
-helical coils
-chemoheterotrophic |
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Term
| good things about bacteria |
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Definition
-break down food
-prime immune system
-suppress pathogens |
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Term
| bad things about bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-tight symbiotic relationship
-helps in squid camouflage
-luciferase
-bacteria only grow when they are at high pop. size |
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Term
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Definition
1. symbioses
2. biogeocheical diseases
3. foods
4. secondary compounds
5. science |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules of water hitting bacterial cells, jiggling of vibrating in place, false motion |
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Term
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Definition
a long, sealed column of muddy soil
various changes in current because microbes are undergoing processes that are producing electrons (ETC) and creating energy, giving a voltage reading
microbial mass |
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Term
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Definition
hemolysis: breaking up blood cells (bacteria eating up blood cells)
bacteria are good at hurting animals with blood (disease) |
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Term
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Definition
1. climate change / large scale environmental changes (rising CO2 levels, global warming, ocean acidification, asteroid)
2. habitat loss / fragmentation
3. invasive species
4. human exploitation / predation / poaching |
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Term
| non-native (alien) species |
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Definition
| occur outside of their original geographic / historical range |
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Term
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Definition
| have a particular use for humans, so we deliberately move them around with us |
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Term
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Definition
| require human disturbance to colonize and reproduce; don't persist without constant disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| non-native, but have blended in and do not cause disruption of its new habitat and ecological communities |
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Term
| Top 10 Invasive Plant Species in Monroe County |
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Definition
1. Bush honeysuckle
2. autumn olive
3. garlic mustard
4. Japanese honeysuckle
5. Japanese knotweed
6. Japanese Stiltgrass
7. Kudzu
8. Multiflora rose
9. Tree of Heaven
10. Wintercreeper |
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Term
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Definition
-Of 100 species introduced to new region, 10 will establish
-OF 10 non-native species to establish, 1 will be invasive |
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Term
| 4 commonalities between invasives |
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Definition
1. bushes / low to ground
2. red berries / sweeter smell --> attract birds and insects
3. capability of colonial growth --> can reproduce without seeds
4. thrive in harsher conditions |
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Term
| 5 things that allow for species to invade |
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Definition
1. dispersal
2. environmental disturbances / altered conditions
3. vacant niche
4. non-coevolved relationships
5. hybridizaiton |
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Term
| 5 consequences of invasions |
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Definition
1. species extinctions
2. altered ecosystem processes
3. nitrogen fixation
4. increased fire frequency / intensity
5. invasional meltdown |
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Term
| 6 ways to prevent invasions |
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Definition
1. reduce dispersal
2. modify environmental conditions
3. targeted removal
4. biocontrol --> taking native enemies to the invaders
5. research
6. naturalization |
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Term
| 5 consequences of biodiversity loss |
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Definition
1. diversity -- ecosystem function
2. resistance / resilience
3. species interactions
4. opportunity costs
5. emotional / aesthetic / spiritual value |
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