Term
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Definition
| a stste in which there is a lack of sensibility to painful stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of unconsiousness produced by anaesthetic agents w. absence of pain sensation over the entire body |
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Term
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Definition
Insensibility caused by interrupting the sensory nerve conduction of any region of the body
NB: does not produce unconsciousness but may be used w. GA |
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Term
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Definition
the allaying of irritability or excitement, w. some dec. in function
(according to pharm: calmness, drowsiness, indifference to surroundings( |
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Term
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Definition
| The state of reduced anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced sensibility to pain - may be localised ot general |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep like state, induced by narcotics |
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Term
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Definition
| an artificially induced state of passivity, often used interchangeably with narcosis |
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Term
| Why do we NEED anaesthesia? |
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Definition
1. Moral reasons
2. Technical / practical reasons
3. Legal requirement |
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Term
| What are the legal requirements regarding anaesthesia? |
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Definition
In "Protection of Animals (Anaesthetics) Act 1954, 1964, Ammendment order 1982:
Anaesthesia is mandatory for any procedure, w. or w/o the use of instruments, which causes intereference w. the sensitie tissues or bone structure of an animal
There are exceptions |
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Term
| What are the exceptions to anaesthesia legal requirements, according to the Protection of Animals (Anaesthesia) Act 1954/64? |
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Definition
-emergency first aid (v. rare!)
-castration of male animals before a specified age (bull 2mnths, sheep 3mnths, sheep rubber ring <1wk, goat 2mnths, pig 4weeks)
-specified procedures
e.g. docking pig tail <1wk |
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Term
| What legislation is revelant to anaesthesia? |
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Definition
-Protection of animals (anaes) act - 1954/64, ammendment 1982
-Misuse of drugs act 1971 and misuse of drugs regulations 1973
-Vet surgeons act 1966, amendment 1982
-Medicines regulations 2005
-Aniamls (scientific procedures) act 1986
-heath and safety legislation |
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Term
| How are the misuse of drugs act 1971 and misuse of drugs regulations 1973 relevant to anaesthesia? What drugs are relevant? |
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Definition
-drugs are classified into schedules
-schedule 1 - not relevant to vet med
-schedule 2 - most opiods - morphine, methadone, fentanyl - involves strict regulations of storage and records
-Schedule 3 - some partial agonist opiods e.g. buprenorphine, also midazolam - strict storage but not records
-Schedule 4 - other benziodiapezes, ketamine
Schedule 5 - low dose codeine mixtures etc |
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Term
| In the misuse of drugs act 1971 and misuse of drugs regulations 1972 , describe the regulations around schedule 2 and 3 |
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Definition
Schedule 2
-storage in a locked steel cupboard, rag bolted to the wall, hinges enclosed
-records of purchase and use in ind. animals - any mistakes corrections clear and signed
-record book hardbound
-drugs require handwritten prescriptions by vet surgeon
-specific destruction requirements - must be witnessed by pharmacist / police
Schedule 3
-storage requirements as for sch. 2
-records of purpchase but not idv. use (although some practices do this anyway) |
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Term
| How is the vet. surgeons act 1966, amendment 1982, relevant to anaes? |
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Definition
-defines whi is permitted to carry out acts of vet. surgery and what is defined as an act of vet surgery
-anaesthetic admin. and choice of agents is defined as an act of vet. surgery
i.e. not vet nurses! |
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Term
| How is health and safety legislation relevant to anaes? |
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Definition
lots! e.g:
-waste gas scavenging
-drugs and chemicals (COSHH)
-sharps and clinical waste disposal
-animal handling |
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Term
| What are the basic AIMS of anaesthesia? |
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Definition
1. prevent awareness of painful stimuli
2. immobility
3.good operating conditions
4. providing the above safely i.e. w. min. morbidity / mortality |
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Term
| The anesthesia "triad": what are the 3 main components of anaesthesia? |
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Definition
1. narcosis i.e. sleep-like state
2. analgesia
3. muscle relaxation
-one drug may provide all three but may use different agents to achieve each element = balanced anaesthesia |
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Term
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Definition
The use of different agents to achieve the different elements of the anesthesia triad i.e.
1. narcosis i.e. sleep-like state
2. analgesia
3. muscle relaxation |
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Term
| Advantages of balanced anaesthesia / co-admin of anaesthetics |
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Definition
-achieve all required aspects of anaesthesia
-synergism between agents may decr. dose of each and so decr. side effects
-counteract the effects of an agent
e.g. diazepam to improve muscle relaxation w. ketamine induction |
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Term
| Disadvantages of balanced anaesthesia / co-admin of anaesthetics |
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Definition
-may be interactions between the drugs
e.g. interfere w. distribution, protein binding, elimination
-drugs may have different nset times and durations of actions |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of anaesthesia? |
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Definition
1. Preanaesthetic / premed
any drug given before the anaesthetics, often refers to sedative / analgesia
2.induction i.e. conscious --> unconscious
3.maintainting
4. recovery |
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Term
| Factors influencing choice of anaesthetic agent |
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Definition
-drugs / equipment available
-experience of anaethetist / surgeon
-assistance available
-patient factors (age, species, health status etc.)
-type and duration of procedure |
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Term
| Death rate for SA associated w. anaesthesia |
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Definition
0.11% in SA overall (but 3.0% in sick animals)
Rabbits much higher risk overall (1.38%) and guinea pigs (3.3%) and birds even higher |
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Term
| What are the most "risky" areas of anaesthesia in dogs and cats / most commonly fatal? |
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Definition
-more cats died in recovery than any other period
-dogs more likely to undergo resp arrest (leading on to cardiac arrest) during surgery |
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Term
| Risk factors in SA anaesthesia |
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Definition
-poor pre-anaes. assesment
-lack of observation / monitoring
-higher risk if not intubated - except in cats - higher risk if intubated
-some breeds higher risk e.g. brachiocephalic
-incr. operating time incr. risk
-unfamiliarity w. anaesthetic technique
-use of alpha-2-agonists? unsure, drugs were quite new at time of study |
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Term
| When is the most commonly fatal period of anaesthesia in SA? |
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Definition
| The recovery period - 50-65% of deaths |
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Term
| When is anaes. in horses most commonly fatal? |
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Definition
-usually late in anaes / in recovery box
-occasionally at induction |
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Term
| What are common causes of death in anaesthesia in horses? |
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Definition
-most cases are cardiac arrest w/o much warning
-fractures in recovery box are significant |
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Term
| Risk factors associated w. horse anaesthesia |
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Definition
-duration of anaes >2hrs inc. mortality ("magic period" - dramatic incr. in risk)
-age, <7days incr. risk
-use of acepromazine DECREASES risk |
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Term
| Why are horse anaesthesia-related death rates published as within 7 days of anesthesia? |
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Definition
| horses may have post-op problems which result in euthanasia |
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