Term
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Definition
-monitoring must be done pre-anaes, continous throughout and until fully recovered
-records of monitoring are a legal document
-records help to identirft trends and provides a database for future anaesthetics |
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Term
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Definition
| -depth is related to degree of CNS depression caused by the anaes. agent
-animals should be anaes. to depth that only just prevents responses to surgery - depends on the procedure |
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Term
| assement of CNS function / depression |
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Definition
mainly on cranial nerve and other reflexes e.g. pedal reflex and jaw tone
-degree of muscl. relaxation and CV and respiratory resp. to surgery are also useful
-generally a rise in HR and resp. rate indicate light anaest. |
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Term
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Definition
-palprebral reflexes
-corneal reflexes
-eye position
-nystagmus
-palpebral fissure
-pupillary diameter
-pupillary light reflex
-tongue curl
-lacrimation and salivation
-laryngeal reflexes
-pharyngeal reflexes |
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Term
| palprebral and corneal reflexes |
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Definition
touch medial canthus of eye / cornea c. damp cotton bud (care not to damage) - looking for blinking as indication of light anaes
-corneal reflex. esp. in birds |
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Term
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Definition
-when light eye will be central
-as anaes. deepens eye rotates ventro-medially / medially (sclera is mostly visible)
-when anaes. very deep, eye moves back to central position
NB: can be influenced by drugs e.g. ketamine - no rotation of eye, so eye remains central |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs if animal lightly anaes
-can be induced by hypercapnia
-often seen in recovery stage - more subtle in SA and more obvious in LA |
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Term
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Definition
if light - eyelids may be closed
if v deep - muscles relaxed so eyelids very open |
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Term
| pupillary diameter and light reflex |
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Definition
| pupils dilate as animal deeper |
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Term
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Definition
-if tongue pointed towards soft palate = too light anaes for intubation
-wait for tongue to be relaxed before intubation |
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Term
| lacrimation and salivation |
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Definition
| both decr. as depth of anaes. deepens |
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Term
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Definition
-v. active in cats- hence need local anaes. or arytenoids for intubation
-moderate in dogs
-weak in horses |
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Term
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Definition
-v. active in cats - hence normally remove ETT before swallowing (or may induce spasm)
-moderate in dogs - wait for swallowing then remove ETT
-weak in horses |
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Term
| Non-cranial nerve reflexes |
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Definition
-jaw tone
-pedal reflex
-anal reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| -ability to prise jaws apart - easier as anaes. deeper and muscles relax |
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Term
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Definition
| in cats and SA - squeeze between the toes - if animal reacts then anaes light |
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Term
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Definition
if it contracts when flicked then anaes. light
-used in horses when can't access head |
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Term
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Definition
stage 1- voluntary excitement - from induction until unconscious
stage 2- involuntary excitement - animal unconscious but all reflexes still present
stage 3-surgical anaesthesia - light, medium, deep, excessively deep
stage 4- overdose |
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Term
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Definition
voluntary excitement - from induction until unconscious
-eyelids open w. central, dilated pupil
-conscious, disorientated, vol. excitement
-HR and resp. rate elevated
-breath holding may occur
-vocalisation, salivation, urination, defecation may occur |
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Term
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Definition
involuntary excitement - animal unconscious but all reflexes still present
-eyelids open w. central, dilated pupil
-involuntary excitement may be vocalisation, urination, defecation, struggling
-reflexes present, HR incr, breathing pattern irregular |
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Term
| stage 3 anaesthesia - plane 1 |
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Definition
surgical anaesthesia - light
-sufficient for non-painful procedures
-eye rotated ventro-medially, constricted pupil w. eyelid closed
-palpebral reflax still present, muscle tone decr. but pedal reflex still brisk
-HR normal, resp. pattern regular w. large tidal volume |
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Term
| stage 3 anaesthesia - plane 2 |
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Definition
surgical anaesthesia - medium
-sufficient for most surgery
-eye rotated ventro-medially , constricted pupil and sluggish palpebral reflex
-muscle tone decr. w. sluggish or absent pedal reflex
-HR may be sl. decr., resp rate is regular w. moderate tidal volume |
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Term
| stage 3 anaesthesia -plane 3 |
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Definition
surgical anaesthesia - deep
-eyelids open, w. central eye, midely dilated pupil and no palpebral reflex
-muscle tone relaxed w. absent pedal reflex
-HR decr., resp pattern becomes shallow |
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Term
| stage 3 anaesthesia - plane 4 |
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Definition
surgical anaesthesia - excessively deep
-eyelide wide open with (dry) central, dilated pupil
-muscle tone and reflexes absent
-HR decr. pulses weak, resp pattern is irregular w. paradoxical ventilation due to paralysis of intercostal muscles
-mucous membrane cyanotic |
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Term
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Definition
overdose
-pulse barely audible and HR may be incr. or decr
-resp. muscles are paralysed w. agonal gasping and twitching of accessory resp. muscles
-mucous membranes become grey |
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Term
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Definition
- HR affected by anaes. depth and surgical stimulation, factors such as haemorrhage and dehydration
-palpate a PERIPHERAL pulse - asses rare, rhythm, quality
e.g. metacarpal/tarsal, lingual, auricular, palatine aa.
-asses mucous membranes colour (should be pink) and CRF (remember dead animals may have a rapid CRF!) |
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Term
| Mucous membrane abnormal colours |
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Definition
brick-red - vasodilation due to hyperthermia / shock / hypercapnia
pale - intense vasocon. due to severe haemorrhage / anaemia / compensatory stage of shock
pale/bluish - hypoxia (but must be extreme before detected here ~75% O2 saturation) |
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Term
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Definition
| -monitor mvmt of thoracic and abdominal walls and reservoir bag on breathing system
-asses resp. rate, vol., rhythm
-breathing should be regular, slow and deep and w. minimal effort
-thoracic wall should rise on insp. and fall on exp., in time w. reservoir bag |
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Term
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Definition
| thoracic wall moving in during inspiration and out during expiration - NOT normal and sign of a serious problem |
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Term
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Definition
should monitor before, during and afetr anases.
hypothermia is common in anaes. animals |
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Term
| other considerations around anaesthesia |
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Definition
-check anaes. machine, ETT, breathing system
-blood loss
-rate of fluid admin
-positioning on animal |
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