Term
| "Problems with popular books and tapes (3+)" |
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Definition
1. Were not written by memory experts
2. Some of the advice is poor
3. They leave out a number of ineffective techniques
4. Exaggerated claims, highly misleading |
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Term
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Definition
| "Images are easier to remember if they are concrete |
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Term
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Definition
| """if you picture something, u are more likely to remember it"" |
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Term
| "Studies with imagery instructions" |
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Definition
i. Researchers instruct half to form an image of items
ii. By doing so, better performance |
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Term
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Definition
| """The more bizarre the image is, the more likely you are to remember it"" |
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Term
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Definition
"""it encodes information in a more memorable format
" |
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Term
| "Encoding mnemonics + explanation of benefits" |
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Definition
| """i. Its made distinctive, better able to discriminate"" |
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Term
| "Imagery with a semantic substitution" |
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Definition
| "you pair a name with a meaning change to make an image |
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Term
| "Imagery and name learning" |
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Definition
| "pairing names with an image |
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Term
| "Organizational mnemonics + explanation of benefits" |
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Definition
| """i.Making use of distinctiveness, organization"" |
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Term
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Definition
| "Use a familiar setting or routine and place items to remembered in unusual places |
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Term
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Definition
| "word pairings based on rhyming scheme with 1 2 3 |
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Term
| "Shortcomings of imagery mnemonics" |
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Definition
1. Can't be applied in all situations of learning
2. interference? |
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Term
| "Definition of elaboration" |
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Definition
| "a.Definition: Expanding on information |
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Term
| "Forms of elaboration (6)" |
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Definition
i. Think about meaning of a word
ii. Attain a conceptual understanding
iii. Encode from multiple perspectives
iv. Think of examples
v. Relate material to existing knowledge
vi. Make material personally relevant |
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Term
| "Experiment on the use of examples" |
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Definition
| """Palmere (1983) gave Ss passage to read, Passage consisted of 32 main ideas. 32 main ideas, 8 units given. Either: by themselves, with one example, with two examples, with three examples. Results were best in three examples" |
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Term
| "Experiment on the self-reference effect" |
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Definition
| """ Rogers, et al. Followed general procedure of LOP experiments with orienting questions. 4 categories of questions: Case judgments, Rhyme judgments, Category judgments, �Self� judgments. Results: Self reference was best" |
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Term
| "Explanation of why elaboration improves memory" |
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Definition
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Term
| " an Applications of the generation effect" |
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Definition
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Term
| "Testing effects at long delays" |
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Definition
| "It is greater or better after long delays*" |
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Term
| "Applications of the testing effect" |
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Definition
| """in the classroom, practices tests""" |
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Term
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Definition
| "The greater the time between study periods the better the recall on the test" |
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Term
| "Spacing effects over different time courses" |
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Definition
| "Better over time(that's all I have down in my notes)" |
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Term
| "Spacing effects at long delays" |
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Definition
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Term
| "Applications of the spacing effect" |
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Definition
| "Study small amounts everyday" |
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Term
| "Intact cognitive functioning in Korsakoff's patients" |
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Definition
| ""motor skills, language, reasoning, personality""" |
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Term
| "Intact memory functioning in Korsakoff's patients" |
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Definition
| """implicit, previous episodic""" |
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Term
| "Observed memory deficits in Korsakoff's patients" |
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Definition
| """explicit memory, retrograde amnesia""" |
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Term
| "Skill learning in Korsakoff's patients" |
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Definition
| """Can still learn new skills, just don't know it""" |
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Term
| "Anterograde vs. retrograde amnesia" |
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Definition
| """anterograde: Can't remember before accident" |
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Term
| "Antero vs. Retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff's" |
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Definition
| """Mostly retro, but can show some antero""" |
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Term
| "Study with Korsakoff's by Warrington & Weiskrantz" |
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Definition
i. Changed our thinking on korsakoffs
ii. Depends on how you performed the memory test for patients
iii. Using memory without consciousness |
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Term
| "Modern definition of memory (to include unconscious memory)" |
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Definition
| " Memory is involved any time part experiences effects current behavior" |
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Term
| "Direct vs. indirect tests of memory" |
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Definition
| " Kind of instructions is how they differ" |
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Term
| "Explicit vs. implicit memory" |
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Definition
| "whether you can declare your knowledge or not" |
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Term
| "Common types of indirect memory tests (3)" |
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Definition
| """generation/fill in, perceptual indification, homophone spelling""" |
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Term
| "Jacoby and Dallas (1981) perceptual i.d. experiment with LOP manipulation" |
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Definition
i. Whether performance behaviors on direct similarly to indirect tests
acquisition phase: manipulated levels of processing
memory test: half recognition, half perceptual indentification test
Recognition was best in order: semantic, acoustive, physical (LOP)
Perceptual: No LOP effect, no depth |
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Term
| "Jacoby's (1983) perceptual i.d. experiment with generation manipulation" |
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Definition
| """for the reconition test there was normal results, but when they used a perceptual id. Test there was better priming for the read condition vs.. The perceptual id. Task""" |
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Term
| "Graf and Mandler's (1984) stem completion experiment" |
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Definition
| """primed before test. Indirect testing,k deeper processing didn't help, no LOP.""" |
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Term
| "Experimental dissociations" |
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Definition
i. When the same exact manipulation has one effect on one test but a different effect on a different test.
ii. Generate advantage on direct
iii. Read advantage on indirect |
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Term
| "Systems explanation of dissociations" |
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Definition
"""i. Two separate systems that are being accessed by direct and indirect tests, the system behave and operate differently.
" |
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Term
| "Tulving's systems theory" |
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Definition
| "episodic vs.. Semantic memory" |
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Term
| "Processing explanation of dissociations" |
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Definition
| "The reason the pattern of performance is different between indirect and direct testing is because they are different forms of processing." |
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Term
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Definition
1. Perceptual processing
a. Indirect tests encourage this
i. Example: Perceptual Identification
b. No LOP effect
c. Doesn’t require semantic processing, so semantic processing is not beneficial at time of learning |
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Term
| "conceptually driven processing" |
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Definition
1. Direct test
a. Use semantics to cue our memory, based on meaning
b. Encourage semantic processing (Conceptual processing)
c. LOP effect
d. Greater tendency encourage semantic processing
i. There for we would expect better results for semantic recall |
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Term
| "Population dissociations" |
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Definition
"""i. Dissociations in different populations were you have intact functioning and malfunctioning as well
Example: Korsakoffs |
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Term
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Definition
| " Intact and deficient implicit and explicit memory" |
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Term
| "Developmental dissociations" |
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Definition
i. Different areas of the brain develop at different rates
ii. Children show adults of memory on indirect tests
iii. Indirect performance in old age is stable |
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Term
| "Drug-induced dissociations" |
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Definition
| """i. Effects memory on direct, no indirect""" |
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Term
| "Findings with TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)" |
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Definition
i. A magnetic shifts the polarization of neurons, knocks them out temporarily
ii. Cause performance on direct tests to go down, but not indirect
iii. Suggests two systems |
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Term
| "reproductive views of memory" |
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Definition
i. We think take information form the environment and we store it, and it waits intact until we retrieve it.
ii. Filing cabinet analogy
iii. Memory as static and unchanging
iv. Forgetting as a search failure
Errors of omission |
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Term
| "reconstructive views of memory" |
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Definition
| "errors of commission: Misremembering occur under specific circumstances" |
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Term
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Definition
| "information is organized and then you retrieve it as it" |
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Term
| "Roedigar & McDermott's related word-list experiment" |
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Definition
"""show 24 listsw then give reconition test,
results: 80% of words reconized on lists but also 80% of the lure items were reconized as being on the list""" |
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Term
| "Explanation of Roedigar & McDermott's findings" |
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Definition
| "Semantic priming - cannot tell diff. between real life experience vs. a thought" |
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Term
| "Holst & Pezdek's mock trial experiment" |
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Definition
1. participants heard a mock trial
2. There was information that was related to what you’d expect to see in a crime. |
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Term
| "Explanation of Holst & Pezdek's findings" |
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Definition
| """people assumed details about the crime that fit their schemas, not what happened""" |
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Term
| "Autobiographical memory" |
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Definition
| "memories for own experiences" |
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Term
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Definition
| "A memory that seem vivid and detailed about something emotional" |
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Term
| "Brown & Kulik�s flashbulb memory study" |
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Definition
"""1. Examined an idea that people remember very well where they were when JFK was shot
2. People gave a great level of detail |
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Term
| "Neisser & Harsch's Challenger study" |
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Definition
1. Do subjects remember where they were the heard the news?
2. Gave the questionnaire within 24 hours
3. brought them back 3 years later
4. Results: Memories are not accurate |
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Term
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Definition
| "information given after the fact is incorporated into the memory" |
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Term
| "Nature/characteristics of memory (4)" |
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Definition
susceptible to distortion
dynamic (not static)
introgrative
reconstructive no reproductive |
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Term
| "False memory and confidence ratings" |
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Definition
| "The relationships between confidence and accuracy: in meta-analysis there is a correlation" |
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Term
| "False memory and other ratings" |
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Definition
greater vividness- not reliable
greater emotionality- not reliable |
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Term
| "False memory and incentives" |
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Definition
| """use incentives to increase memory, but it doesn't help""" |
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Term
| "False memory and lie detection" |
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Definition
| "You can't use a lie detector test for a false memory because they don't know they are lying" |
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Term
| "Justice Dept. study on false convictions" |
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Definition
When there is a en eye witness, the conviction rate is 82%
No supporting evidence, just a testimony, 74% conviction |
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Term
| "Brown et al. study on photo bias" |
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Definition
Subjects watch a film when a crime occurs
View photographs of suspects
Simultaneous line up
Having seen someone in the mug shots was enough to lead people to believe they were the ones who committed the crime when they had not |
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Term
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Definition
| "the memory is focused on the emotional item/weapon" |
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Term
| "Problems/issues with line-ups" |
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Definition
| """realitive judgements, distinguishing factors, culprit absent""" |
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Term
| "Studies on the effects of feedback on eyewitness identification" |
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Definition
| "when given positive feedback their confidence is higher when given negative feedback confidence lower" |
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Term
| "Methods for improving line-ups" |
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Definition
| """present them individually, double blind, standard instructions, test bias""" |
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