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Definition
| S-R --> Stimulus Response. Believed that animals are passive and that behavior can be explained as a reflex. |
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| S-S--> A stimulus evokes a representation of another stimulus. Cognition (thinking) is involved in behavior. |
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| Physiologist, Philosopher. Prior to Descartes, the mind was not considered a physical entity (only given to humans by god). Introduced Mind/Body Dualism. Thought that sensory recepotors sent info to brain and that info went to the Pineal Gland (WRONG) for processing. |
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| Proposed by Descartes about how humans had a reflex arc that enabled them to act in an animalistic way. |
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Locke, Hume and Hobbes--> Believed that all human behavior was subject to physical laws and could be modified through prior experience (learning).
They assumed all learning to be based on associations. |
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| Someone who studies through observation |
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| Primary Determinants for learning (According to British Empiricists) |
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Definition
| Contiguity, Similarity & Contrast |
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| Distance in time between things and distance in space between things determines strength of association. |
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| Things that seem to belong together tend to become associated. |
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Definition
| Things must be distinct enough not to be treated as one unit. |
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Secondary Determinants for Learning
(According to British Empiricists) |
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Definition
| Repetition, Stimulus Intensity & Competition |
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| The more often animal exposed to stimulus, the stronger the association (learning) |
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| The more attention a stimulus attracts, the stronger the association. |
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| If there is prior learning about something, it may make learning a new association difficult. |
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| Considered father of psychology. First person to empirically study processes of psychology. Taught himself nonsense syllables and discovered many things about learning. |
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| 6 things Ebbinhause declared true about learning |
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Definition
| Repetition, Proximity, Primacy/Recency, Direction, Trial-Spacing & Facilitated Re-acquisition |
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| The more often one studies, the better they remember |
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| When Ebbinghause pulled a word out from a list, he was more likely to remember other words in list near that pulled out word |
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Definition
| As memory starts to fade, a person is more likely to recall the first and last words of the list. (First word has no interference before & Last word has nothing after to interfere with memory) |
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Definition
| A person is more likely to remember a word following a given word from the list because we have a desire to learn in forward order ('what's next') |
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Definition
| The longer the interval between studying topics, the better chance of remembering. |
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Term
| Facilitated Re-Acquisition |
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Definition
| After "forgetting" period of 30 days, Ebb. studied lists once and was able to recall with much greater efficiency the second time. (This means there is no such thing as memory loss, just retrieval failure) |
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Term
| Pavlov (1895--Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| Physiologist, studied gastric response in dogs, Nobel Prize, discovered a psychic reflex/conditional response in dogs that they previously didn't possess |
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| Operant Conditioning, "Law of Effect" Grad student at Harvard, initially declared much of human behavior was due to insight, discovered that insight could be explained by prior experience. |
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Stimulus associated with a reinforcer. Ex: dog salivates at smell of food.
Different from Operant conditioning where a response to a stimulus is associated witha reinforcer. |
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Definition
| Tone-Shock with dog on floor... dog bends leg |
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| Tone-Air Puff... animal blinks in response to tone |
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Definition
| Ex: A reflex to food is transferred to tone. (In animal's brain, tone becomes food) |
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Definition
| Ex: Pidgeon pecks at the light that signals he is going to get food. Predisposition to certain behaviors among animals |
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Definition
Rat given grape flavor with poison and it makes him nauseous... he'll never drink anything with grape again.
(Doesn't appear to be a reflex transfer here) |
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Definition
| When tone is paired with footshock, tone doesn't make animal agitated like foot shock. Instead, animal freezes in fear. There is no reflex transfer here with footshock being paired with tone. |
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Definition
| Tone is paired with bright light and increases animal's heart rate. When tone tested, animal's heart rate DECREASES in anticipation. (again no reflex transfer) |
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| Examples of Excitatory Learning |
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Definition
| Conditioned Salivation, Conditioned Legflexion, Eyeblink Conditioning, Auto-Shaping, Tast Aversion, Fear Conditioning, Heart Rate Conditioning |
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Definition
| CS excites expectation of US (excites the expectation that something is going to happen) |
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CS tells animal that something otherwise expected will not occur.
(Thugs approach-->Fear arises-->Cop approaches-->Cop inhibits fear) |
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| "Functional" Classical Conditioning Responses |
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Definition
| Drug Tolerance, Pain Sensitivity & Conditioned Gastric Responses |
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Term
| Drug Tolerance (Domjan & Seigal - 1980) |
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Definition
| Tolerance to heroin develops extremely fast. Body becomes tolerant to effects of naturally occuring opiates. Need for large dose of opiates to flood receptors |
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Definition
Drug (Heroin here) Blocks floods pain receptors and person can't feel any pain.
Put a person on hot sand and his latency is 10s before he runs to a towel.
Now put a person high on heroin and his latency may be 20s. |
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Term
| Conditioned Gastric Responses |
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Definition
People ingest a lot of sugar--> A ton of insulin released.
Brain learns to circumvent process of slow digestion and signals Pancreas as soon as sugar tasted to release insulin. This helps to better regulate blood sugar levels.
Artificial sweetener can cause drop in blood sugar because of this. |
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Definition
| Constraints on ability to learn |
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Definition
| When inter-stimulus interval is short |
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Definition
| A long time between presentation of CS and US (Tone plays for a long time...... shock) |
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Definition
| Animal presented with tone and 1 min later gets food--> CS not present at time of US |
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Term
| Simultaneous Conditioning |
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Definition
| Pavlov predicts CR=10 because of his ideas about contiguity BUT CR=0 because one stimulus does not predict the other. |
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Definition
| Pavlov Predicts CR=8 because of contiguity even though stimuli are reversed (US first then CS). CR=0 |
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| Pavlov's Explanations of Simultaenous Conditioning Deficit (4 things) |
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Definition
| Distraction, Neural Trace, Rescorla's ideas, and a Lack of Contrast between stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| When the animal presented with the US, focuses all attention on US without paying attention to CS |
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Definition
| Pavlov said some crap about stimuli taking a while to build up before making neurons fire. F A L S E |
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| Rescorla's Ideas (3/4 true) |
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Definition
| Animals are info seekers. If animal is going to get food and tone at same time, he doesn't bother learning about the tone b/c he is just going to get food anyways. |
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Term
| No Contrast Between Stimuli |
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Definition
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Term
| No Contrast Between Stimuli |
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Definition
| It's possible that animal takes tone and food as one stimulus |
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Definition
CS predicts absence of US
(Weatherman says it'll rain and it never does but it rains when he doesn't predict it) |
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Definition
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| Determining the amount of time that prior learning inhibits rate of learning new association with a stimulus. |
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Definition
| Ex: (Light and Shock paired while tone is a fear inhibitor) When tone and light presented at same time (IS and CS), the fear is lower than when just the CS was presented |
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Term
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Definition
| All behavior is a choice based on expectancies/predictions from prior experiences (flexible) |
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Definition
| A stimulus evokes a response without intervening cognition. Behavior is a reflex (inflexible) |
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Definition
They were each half right.
Ex: The animal may think about eating food when hearing a tone (Tolman) but may automatically salivate at thought of food (Hull) |
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Term
| US Devaluation Experiments |
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Definition
1. Tone-food Tone elicits salivation Can’t tell difference between two theories based on this experiment
2. Present tone when dog is full No salivation Supports Tolman (dog thinks he’s not hungry)
3. Tone when dog is hungry Salivation Dog seems to decide whether he’s hungry enough to respond |
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Term
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Definition
Some rats are pre-exposed to a maze while other group enters without exposure. When they are given food at the end of the maze 1st time. The 2nd trial for the pre-exposed rats is much faster.
(The pre-exposed rats formed a cognitive map in mind to follow) |
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Term
| Latent Learning: What if rat was paralyzed and wheeled around randomly for pre-exposure? (Consider Hull and Tolman viewpoint) |
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Definition
According to Hull, rat would not be able to form association because he wouldn't have reflex motion at every turn.
According to Tolman, rat would still form a cognitive map in mind of the maze and have much more efficient 2nd trial (TRUE-- Signifies prior learning) |
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Term
| Transposition of Concepts (Spence 1935) |
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Definition
1. Show animal two sized shapes If animal picks big shape, rewarded with food Hull would say animals are learning reflex to get food Tolman would say animal learning to pick big shape to get food
2. Reversal Phase Animal given food only when choosing small shapes
3. Test Animal chooses small shape because he has changed his thinking Flexibility (Tolman)
4. Novel test Animal picks smaller shape because it is guided by rule currently in effect Hull would say response should be random Tolman says animal will choose small shape every time |
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Term
| Sensory Preconditioning (Bragden '36) |
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Definition
| Initially, a neutral stimulus is paired with another neutral stimulus. (tone-light). When one is given meaning (tone) and then light it presented, it will still evoke fear because of the previous association between neutral stimuli. |
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Term
| Controlled Processing (S-S or S-R?) |
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Definition
| S-S Animal thinks about relationships and decides how to respond (Tolman) |
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Term
| Automatic Processing (S-S or S-R?) |
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Definition
One does thing without thinking automatically (Hull)
Ex: Learning to type on a keyboard is initially controlled processing but becomes automatic after task is mastered. |
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Term
| What does something require in order for something to become possible through automatic processing? |
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Definition
| The environment must be stable (gas pedal on same side, keys on keyboard in same place) |
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Term
| Adams Experiment with barpress and rats ('82) |
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Definition
| When rat presses bar 10x, gets food Rat will begin pressing the bar more often as he masters skill of getting food Rat learns to press bar reflexively Adams splits up group of rats between rats who just learn the skill and rats who have mastered the skill for days Splits those groups into 2 again and gives one group poison with food and other without food Animals who were given food and poison in the 500 trial group still eat the poison food because they’re not thinking about the poison Shows how bar-press behavior became a reflexive action |
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Term
| Is contiguity necessary for learning? |
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Definition
| NOPE.... Pre-1960s many people would've said that it was. |
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Definition
The ability to filter out extraneous stimuli.
Phase 1- Two Guys go out to eat Guy 1 eats Crabs 100x Guy 2 eats white rice 100x
Phase 2- Guy 1 gets sick after eating crabGuy 2 eats crab also and gets sick
Test Waiter puts crab in front of them Guy 1 likely to eat crab while Guy 2 not likely to eat it Guy 1 sees getting sick from crab as an outlier, may blame getting sick on something else Guy 2 doesn’t care for any more crab
Guy one likely to consider this instance an outlier while guy 2 has no desire to go back to something that made him sick. |
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Definition
| When animal presented with two stimuli and one stimulus is stronger, if animal gets sick, it will blame stronger stimulus that OVERSHADOWES the other. |
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Definition
Prior learning about a stimulus blocks ability to learn about new stimulus if same response occurs with both stimuli.
Phase 1- Man eats rice every night and gets sick 100x
Phase 2- Man makes some rice with strong sausage and gets sick What’s the difference here? Prior experience No opportunity to connect sausage with illness because rice already predicts illness
Phase 3- Man presented with Sausage and he’ll accept but if presented with rice, he’ll know it makes him sick
Phase 4- If man ate Sausage and Rice together and got even MORE sick, he’ll associate both stimuli with sickness |
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Term
| Experiments that show failure of learning based on contiguity.... |
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Definition
| Cue to consequence, pre-exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals have a predisposition to associate certain things with becoming ill. Ex: You can't get sick from a tone but you can have fear if a tone signals a poison grape. |
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