Term
-Amino acids all share a common backbone, of a __ atom with a __ and a __ group (and also a single __)
- What makes each amino acid distinct is the __, and the properties of the __ determine the role the amino acid will play in a protein |
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Definition
- carbon; amino group; carboxylic acid; (hydrogen)
- r-group; r-group |
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Term
| - the 20 amino acids can be divided into these groups: |
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Definition
| - nonpolar; polar; acidic; basic |
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Term
the nonpolar amino acids include:
- non polar amino acids do not participate in __ or __ reactions |
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Definition
GAVLIP FMW
- hydrogen; ionic bonding |
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Term
-As a group, nonpolar amino acids tend to be grouped in the __ of proteins, most of which exist in an aqueous environment of some sort.
-This will contribute to the __ of the protein, as the nonpolar amino acids will tend to clump together like drops of oil in water.
-Proteins that are imbedded in membranes, or regions of proteins inserted into membranes, will have the nopolar amino acids exposed on the __ to interact with the nonpolar fatty acids in the interior of the membrane. |
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Definition
- interior
- stability
- surface |
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Term
- the nonpolar amino acids which can be classified as branched chain amino acids include:
--The catabolism (breakdown) of these amino acids requires a common pathway that, when defective, causes __.
--The disease is named because of the distinctive __ patients with the condition, due to the buildup of these amino acids. __ is the major complication of a buildup of
these amino acids in the bloodstream, and untreated patients will suffer __.
-- treatment is a ___ |
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Definition
- VIL
-- maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
-- odor of the urine; neurotoxicity; mental retardation
-- special diet low in these particular amino acids
-- |
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Term
Phenylalanine:
-During normal catabolism, phenylalanine is converted into __. - however, patients with a defect in a step in this process suffer from
__, of which the major complication is __ due to the buildup of phenylalanine and its derivatives in the bloodstream.
As with MSUD, this results in __ in untreated patients,
- and also as with MSUD, treatment is a special __ low in __. |
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Definition
- tyrosine
- phenylketonuria (PKU); neurotoxicity; mental retardation
- diet; phenylalanine |
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Term
Tryptophan:
-Tryptophan is the precursor for __, which serves as an important
neurotransmitter with roles in
pain perception, regulation of
sleep, appetite, temperature,
blood pressure,
cognitive functions, and mood |
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Definition
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Term
Glycine:
-Glycine has the smallest R-group. __, which is a major structural protein in humans, has a very orderly structure that consists a repeated group of three amino acids in a row in the polypetide chain abbreviated by the formula (Gly-X-Y)n.
-Many cases of __ are caused by mutations that result in the substitution of glycine by another amino acid, and the resulting bulkier R-group disrupts the normal collagen structure.
-In its most severe form, the disease results in __ or during __, including multiple __. |
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Definition
- collagen
- osteogenesis impefecta
- death in utero; childbirth; bone fractures |
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Term
Proline:
-Proline has a unique R-group that is bonded with the amino group present in all the amino acids.
-This results in proline assuming a __ about the alpha-carbon (all other amino acids can “swivel” around this carbon).
-Therefore it has special structural roles in some proteins, such as __, and can also interfere with the formation of some __ as well (see protein section on “secondary structure”) |
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Definition
-
- rigid structure
- collagen; structures |
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Term
| Methionine: Methionine serves as a methyl-group donor in many __ reactions in biochemistry |
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Definition
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Term
-Polar Amino acids include:
-- they can participate in __ or __ reactions
- The charged amino acids include:
- The basic amino acids include: |
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Definition
-CTYSNQ
-- hydrogen bonding; ionic
- D (ASP) and E (glu)
- H (HIS), K (LYS), N (ARG) |
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Term
The following polar amino acids have special significance for medical biochemistry:
-Phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups:
--The amino acids __, __, and __ have hydroxyl groups that can be phosphorylated when present in proteins.
These can contribute to the activity of an enzyme (turn it on or off) or in signal transduction cascades (turning an extracellular signal into a cellular response). |
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Definition
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Term
Disulfide bonds:
-Two __ residues in a polypeptide can interact and form a disulfide bond
-disulfide bonds contribute significantly to the strength of the overall structure |
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Definition
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Term
amino acids that participate in n or o linked glycosidic bonds
-__: the amide group can form an N-linkage
-__ or __ : the hydroxyl group can form an O-linkage
- glycosidic bonds attach oligosacharrides to form __ |
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Definition
- asn
- ser; thr
- glycoproteins |
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Term
| DNA is a highly negatively charged molecule due to a phosphate backbone. Proteins that bind to DNA, such as histones, have an abundance of __ and __ |
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Definition
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Term
__: the precursor for the synthesis of histamine
- the enzyme for this reaction is __ |
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Definition
histidine
- decarboxylase plp |
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Term
| - __ is the precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines, which include dopamenine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine |
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Definition
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