Short o (sounds like uh), as in mother, or cu

t

ae, as in at, add.

This sound may sometimes sound like a cross between a and eh

Yae, as in yak, or yam

The vowel in this may sound like a cross between a, and eh

wae, as in wangle, or wagon, wet

The vowel in this sound may sound like a cross between a and eh

Way, Wehh, Way-eh

we, as in west

A dry, weh.  Almost a cross between wehh, and wihh.

This is usually pronounced like the German umlaut vowel (oe), but it is generally pronounced as (we), not usually distinguishable from the sound of the dipthong 웨

ui, as in buoy

Sounds like, oo-ee said together.

In most words, this letter is pronounced as if it were either 이 or 으, or in the case of a certain grammatical element, e

기역 (kiyok)

K/g as in kin, or begin

A soft k, but a harder g.

니은 (niun)

n as in now

디귿 (tigut)

t/d, as in tidy

Sometimes sounds like a soft t sound.

리을 (riul)

r/l, as in attitude, or leaf

The sound is a cross between an r/l

Depending on the word, this character may also make the tt sound, like in butter

미음 (mium)

m, as in me

비읍 (biup)

p/b public

More of a b sound than a p sound.

시옷 (shiot)

s/sh as in sun, or sheep

이응 (iung)

ng, like in sang

지읏 (ch'iut)

ch/j as in chin, or agile

More often a j, than a ch

치읏 (chi'ut)

ch, as in achieve

키읔 (kiuk)

k as in akin

티읕 (tiut)

t as in atomic

피읖 (piup)

p as in repay

히읗 (hiut)

h as in home

쌍기역 (ssang-giyok)

unaspirated, accented k/g, as in skate

쌍디긋 (ssang-tigut)

unaspirated, accented d/t, as in state

쌍비읍 (ssang-piup)

unaspirated, accented b/p, like in spoon, or Bang!

쌍시옷 (ssang-shiot)

unaspirated, accented s, as in assign

쌍지읒 (ssang-jiut)

unaspirated, accented jj/tch/tz, as in pretzel

외 왜 웨

(note the last one, 웨 is used when writing an English word in Korean EX: 웨딩 [wedding])

The three "wae" pronunciations is similar to how we use English dipthongs "ee" and "ea" or "ie" or in leek, read, and siege to all represent the LONG EEEE sound.  Though they sound the same, using the different letters in spelling represent totally different words.  (Ex: reed vs read)

애 에

Older generations of Korean speakers say that there is a distinction between the two in terms of pronunciation.  애 is a bright vowel and is spoken with a wider mouth, and has an elevated pitch to it with slight hints of the long "a" sound in it like the word "gay".  It is almost a hybrid of "ay" and "eh" as if you were trying to say "say" and "set" at the same time.  에 is a dark vowel and is more narrow, softer, lower, 'gruntier', flatter, breathier/puffier and more relaxed like ehhh.  It is easier as it is true to the short 'e' sound in "set".  In modern Korean and rapid conversation, they will basically both sound much like the short "e" as "ehh" and are understandable without need for distinction in pronunciation.

개 means DOG

게 means CRAB

Since both these words contain the similar/same "ae/eh" sound, it can be difficult to distinguish in a sentence without context.  ("I saw a 개 at the beach." vs "I saw a 게 at the beach.")  These are both animals you could find at a beach.  Often modifier words or context is added to avoid confusion. EX: 꽃게 (blue crab).  There technically is a slight difference in pronunciation, the wider mouthed 개 "ay/eh" vs. the flatter 게 "eh" but this distinction has faded with contemporary Korean speakers.