Fatty Acid Synthesis

Location: Cytosol

End Product: Palmitate

Regulation: Stimulated by ATP and Citrate

Converts Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA -> rate-limiting step

Requires: Biotin, CO2, ATP

Activation: Citrate, Insulin (low cAMP -> unphosphorylated (active) carboxylase)

Inhibition: palmitoyl CoA, Glucagon (high cAMP -> active AMPK -> P-carboxylase (inactive))

• released from intestinal mucosal cells
• stimulates release of bile from gallbladder

• Released from cells in the blood
• Stimulated by acidic pH
• It stimulates release of HCO3- to neutralize intestinal contents

Steatorrhea: excess lipid in feces

Causes: 

1. Blockage of bile
2. Cystic fibrosis - absence of pancreatic enzymes
3. Inflammation of intestinal lining (Crohn's, Celiac)

Treatment: diet in SCFAs and MCFAs

Cystic Fibrosis

Autosomal recessive disorder

Mutation of CFTR gene (less Cl secretion, more Na/H20 reabsorption)

Decreased pancreatic enzymes

Chronic lung infections

Increased potential for bacterial infections