Term
| what is the trochlear surface? |
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Definition
| patellar surface = shallow depression anteriorly between the femoral condyles |
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Term
| what is the lateral projection on the lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the prominent projection on the medial surface of the medial condyle of the femur? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the adductor tubercle (function and location) |
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Definition
| for attachemtn of part of the adductor magnus muscle; lies just superior to the medial epicondyle |
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Term
| what kind of special bone is the patella? |
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Definition
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Term
| what tendon is the patella located within? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pointed inferiorly, for attachment of patellar tendon |
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Term
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Definition
| directed superiorly, for attachment of quadriceps tendon |
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Term
| describe the 2 posterior facets of the patella |
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Definition
| for articulation with trochlear surface and condyles of the femur: larger lateral facet, smaller medial facet |
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Term
| what is the 2nd largest bone in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the tibia articulate with superiorly? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe anterior intercondylar area |
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Definition
| anterior superior portion of tibia between medial and lateral condyles; for attachment of anterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
| what attaches to the posterior intercondylar area? |
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Definition
| posterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
| what is the largest synovial joint in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of synovial joint is the knee? |
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Definition
| hinge type that also has some slight gliding, rolling, and rotational movements |
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Term
| what are the 3 articulations of the knee joint? |
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Definition
| 1. medial femoral condyle and medial tibial condyle, 2. lateral femoral condyle and lateral tibial condyle, 3. patellofemoral |
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Term
| describe shape of femoral condyles relating to knee locking |
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Definition
| in knee flexion, the articular surface of the femoral condyles is rounded, in knee extension the articular surface of the femoral condyles are flat and broad, allowing joint surfaces to be broad and stable in extension |
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Term
| describe how medial rotation of femur affects locking |
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Definition
| medial femoral condyle is slightly larger than lateral femoral condyle, so when we stand in extension, femur rotates a little bit medially, twisting ligaments and tightening them in extension |
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Term
| how does our center of gravity affect our knee locking mechanism? |
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Definition
| center of gravity is anterior to knee, promoting extension of knee |
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Term
| what are the 3 things that promote knee locking? |
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Definition
| large articular surface during extension, center of gravity, medial rotation of the femur |
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Term
| which muscle unlocks knee and how? |
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Definition
| popliteus, by laterally rotating femur |
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Term
| what is the most important group of muscles in stabilizing the knee? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the quadriceps muscles are most important in stabilizing the knee? |
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Definition
| vastus medialis and lateralis |
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Term
| what does the strong fibrous capsule of the knee joint attach to? |
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Definition
| superiorly: margins of the femoral condyles; inferiorly: articular margins of the tibia |
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Term
| where is the fibrous capsule of the knee deficient and why? |
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Definition
| on lateral condyle to allow passage of the popliteus out of the joint |
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Term
| where is the synovial membrane in the knee? |
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Definition
| lines internal joint capsule, attaches to the periphery of the patella and the edges of the menisci, membrane reflects from patella to tibia covering the large infrapatellar fat pad, membrane reflects onto cruciate ligaments (excludes fat pads and cruciate ligaments from actually being inside the synovial cavity) |
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Term
| list the 5 external ligaments that strengthen and support the fibrous capsule |
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Definition
| fibular collateral (lateral), tibial collateral (medial), oblique popliteal, arcuate popliteal (arches over popliteal muscle - lateral/posterior/inferior), patellar retinaculum (anterior) |
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Term
| oblique popliteal ligament is an extension of what tendon? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the patellar tendon |
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Definition
| strong fibrous tendon that goes from patella to tibial tuberosity |
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Term
| what does the patellar tendon blend with laterally? |
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Definition
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Term
| what forms the patellar retinaculum |
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Definition
| patellar tendon, IT band, fibrous expansions of the vastus medialis and lateralis |
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Term
| describe the fibular collateral ligament |
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Definition
| extracapsular knee ligament, lateral, cord-like, easily palpated |
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Term
| describe the tibial collateral ligament |
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Definition
| extracapsular knee ligament, medial, strong/flat/band-like, |
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Term
| what part of the knee does the medial (tibial) collateral ligament attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
| why are the medial (tibial) collateral ligament and medial meniscus often injured simultaneously? |
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Definition
| they are attached to each other |
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Term
| what are the 3 intra-articular knee ligaments? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
| what are the menisci made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do the cruciate ligaments join together? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do the cruciate ligaments do? |
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Definition
| provide stability to knee joint |
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Term
| describe passage of cruciate ligaments in knee joint |
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Definition
| crisscross within the articular capsule; are wrapped by synovial membrane sleeves to stay out of synovial cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| arises from anterior intercondylar area of tibia and courses superior-lateral and posterior to attach to medial aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur |
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Term
| when is ACL looser/tighter? |
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Definition
| ACL is looser when knee is flexed and tighter when knee is fully extended |
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Term
| what does the ACL prevent? |
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Definition
| ACL prevents femur from sliding posterior on tibia (which would be the same thing as knee hyperextension) |
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Term
| what causes ACL ruptures? |
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Definition
| knee is extended and over-rotated |
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Term
| what is the unhappy triad? |
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Definition
| ACL, medial miniscus, medial/tibial collateral ligament (often all tear together) |
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Term
| what is the clinical indication of ACL rupture? |
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Definition
| tibia can be manually displaced anteriorly = anterior drawer sign |
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Term
| which of the 2 cruciate ligaments is stronger? |
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Definition
| posterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
| what is the path of the ACL? |
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Definition
| arises from posterior intercondylar area of tibia and courses superior anteriorly to attach to lateral surface of medial femoral condyle |
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Term
| when does PCL help stabilize? |
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Definition
| walking downhill/prevents femur from sliding anteriorly along tibia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| when do PCL ruptures occur? |
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Definition
| when force goes into flexed knee (hitting dashboard in car accident, falling on flexed knee playing basketball) |
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Term
| what is the clinical indication of PCL rupture? |
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Definition
| posterior drawer sign = tibia can be manually displaced posteriorly |
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Term
| describe the menisci of the knee joint |
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Definition
| crescent shaped fibrocartilagenous plates on the articular surface of the tibia |
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Term
| what are the functions of the meinsci? |
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Definition
| act like shock absorbers and help deepen the joint cavity |
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Term
| what is the shape of the medial meniscus? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the shape of the lateral meniscus? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the menisci is larger? |
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Definition
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Term
| medial meniscus is firmly attached to fibers of which ligament? |
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Definition
| medial/tibial collateral ligament |
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Term
| which of the menisci is more mobile? |
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Definition
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Term
| which tendon courses between lateral meniscus and lateral/fibular collateral ligament? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the posterior meniscofemoral ligament? |
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Definition
| a strong tendinous slip that joins the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
| what do the external margins of the menisci attach to? |
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Definition
| fibrous capsule of the knee joint |
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Term
| what are coronary ligaments? |
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Definition
| capsular fibers that attach the margins of the menisci to the tibial condyles |
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Term
| what is the transverse ligament of the knee? |
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Definition
| joins the anterior edge of the menisci allowing them to move together during knee movements |
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Term
| which bursa allows the skin to move freely over the patella? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens when the pre-patellar bursa gets inflamed from over-use in occupations that require repeated kneeling/crawling? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 3 major arteries vascularize the knee? |
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Definition
| femoral, popliteal, tibial |
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Term
| popliteal artery gives off which branches that surround knee and form anastomosis to ensure adequate perfusion to ligaments? |
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Definition
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Term
| which arterial branch penetrates the capsule and supplies the cruciate ligaments, synovial membrane, and periphery of menisci? |
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Definition
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Term
| nerves of the knee are branches of what 4 major nerves? |
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Definition
| obturator, femoral, tibial, common fibular |
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Term
| articularis genus muscle is a derivative of which muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the articularis genus muscle attach? |
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Definition
| synovial membrane/capsule |
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Term
| what is the action of the articularis genus muscle? |
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Definition
| pulls synovial capsule superiorly to prevent capsular compression between femur and patella |
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Term
| what is the suprapatellar bursa? |
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Definition
| part of the joint cavity that extends superiorly above the patella |
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Term
| what is the infrapatellar synovial fold? |
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Definition
| fold of synovial membrane extending from inferior patella to anterior intercondylar fossa |
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