Term
| Connective tissue types differ in appearance, but all consist of |
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Definition
| Cells, fibers, and ground substance |
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Term
| Fibers and ground substance comprise the extracellular matrix. The abundant matrix of connective tissues largely determines their mechanical properties. The two fiber types are collagen and elastic. The ground substance, in which the fibers and cells are embedded, is composed mainly of ??? dissolved in tissue fluid. Matrix viscosity and rigidity are determined by the amount and types of cross links among the matrix components. Fiber and ground substance components are synthesized and secreted by connective tissue cells (mainly fibroblasts), and the fibers are assembled in the extracellular space. |
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Definition
| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
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Term
| All CT cell types derive from embryonic ???. Derives mainly from embryonic ???. Craniofacial mesenchyme derives from the ??? (mesectoderm). |
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Definition
| Mesenchyme, mesoderm, and neural crest |
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Term
| Hematopoeitic progenitor cells, fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, adipoblast all derived from??? |
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Definition
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Term
| Provides flexibility and strength and is the most abundant protein in body |
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Definition
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Term
| Free polysomes reading collagen mRNA attach to the RER and ??? polypeptides are deposited in the cisternae. Alpha Chain contains approx. 250 AAs, and every third amino acid is ???. Proline and lysine residues in the chains are hydroxylated by proline and lysine hydroxylases to form hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, rare AAs present in large amounts in collagen. Core sugars (galactose and glucose) attach to the hydroxylysine residues in the ER. With the aid of registration peptides at the ends of the alpha chains, three chains coil around one another to from a triple-helical structure molecule called ???. Further glycosylation may occur in the Golgi complex, where it is packaged. Golgi vesicles release ??? into the extracellular space by exocytosis. |
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Definition
| protocollagen, glycine, procollagen |
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Term
| In the extracellular space, the enzyme procollagen peptidase cleaves the registration peptides from procollagen, converting it to tropocollagen. Nearby cells align tropocollagen molecules in a staggered fashion to from collagen fibrils, and also arrange fibrils into fibers. Cell attachments to the fibers are mediated by plasma membrane integrins that bind to the matrix glycoprotein ???, which in turn binds to the collagen. The extracellular enzyme lysyl oxidase stabilizes the nascent fibers by cross-linking lysine and hydroxylysine residues in adjacent tropocollagens. |
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Definition
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Term
The most abundant and widespread, forms large fibers and fiber bundles. It occurs in tendons, ligaments, bone, dermis, organ capsules, and loose connective tissue.
What type of collagen is this? |
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Definition
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Term
Occurs in adults only in the cartilage matrix and forms only thin fibrils.
What type of collage is this? |
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Definition
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Term
Resembles type I, and forms networks of thin fibrils (reticular fibers) that surround and support soft flexible tissues (adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, nerve fibers). It is the major fiber of hematopoietic tissues (e.g., bone marrow, spleen) and of reticular laminae of epithelial basement membrane.
What type of collagen is this? |
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Definition
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Term
Is the major collagen type in basal laminae. It does not form fibers or fibrils.
What type of collagen is this? |
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Definition
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Term
Components of ??? are microfibrils which are made of the protein fibrillin and elastin which contains 2 unique amino acids, Desmosine and Isodesmosine. Desmosine and Isodesmosine are each formed from 4 lysine residues. Also rich in Proline, Glycine.
Cells:
Fibroblast
Smooth muscle cells
Chondrocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Can stretch to 150% of their length w/o breaking and return to their original length. Occurs where their mechanical properties are needed to allow tissues to stretch or expand and return to their original shape. |
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Definition
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Term
Characteristics:
Stretches easily, returns to shape
Resistant to boiling, acids, and protease digestion
Fibers branch
Forms cloth-like structure in walls of some blood vessels
What fiber type is this? |
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Definition
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Term
Location:
Loose CT
Elastic CT
Elastic cartilage
Elastic arteries
Ligaments
Dermis
What fibers are found here? |
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Definition
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Term
Composition
Type III collagen that is heavily glycosylated
Glycoprotein, other collagens, proteoglycans
Cells
Fibroblasts
Reticular cells (Hematopoietic)
Schwann cells
What are fiber type does this describe? |
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Definition
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Term
Characteristics
Thin fibers
Fibers branch
Form network- flexible
Argyrophilic (silver loving)
PAS-positive- high content glycoprotein
What fiber type does this describe? |
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Definition
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Term
Location
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Liver
Endocrine glands
What fibers are found here? |
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Definition
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Term
Function
Fills spaces
Lubricant
Barrier- very viscous
Binds cells to fibers
What component of connective tissue has this function? |
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Definition
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Term
Function:
Fills spaces
Lubricant
Barrier- very viscous
Binds cells to fibers
Characteristics:
Colorless, transparent
Hydrated
Gel-like consistency
Composition
Glycosaminoglycans
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
What connective tissue component is this? |
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Definition
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Term
Formed from repeating disaccharides
Composition:
Uronic acid + Hexosamine
Characteristics:
Linear polysaccharides
Most sulfated
Composition of sugars
Linkage between sugars
Location of sulfate groups
Hyaluronic acid:
simplest
widespread
non-sulfated
long chains
5 Classes of:
dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate, Hyaluronic Acid
What connective tissue is described above? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycosaminoglycan + Protein makes up? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ground substance primarily consists of two glucoconjugate classes: |
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Definition
| Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins |
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Term
Characteristics:
Protein component is dominant
Carbohydrates arranged in branched structure
Play role in adhesion
Bind to integrins anchored in cell membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| Core proteins have GAGs hanging off them and are bound to the hyaluronic acid (HA) through link proteins. What are these link proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Including link protein, fibronectin, and chondronectin, which attach various matrix components to one another and cells to the matrix |
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Definition
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Term
??? Cells Function
Fibronectin Fibroblasts, Adhesion
Ep. Cells
Laminin Ep. Cells Basal lamina
Chondronectin Chondrocytes Type II collagen
What is the group of these proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adipocytes, Chondrocytes, Osteocytes are all cells of ??? |
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Definition
| Specialized Connective Tissue |
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Term
These cells are the precursors of connective tissue cells.
Embryonic ??? comprises a loose network of stellate cells and abundant intercellular fluid. |
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Definition
| Mesenchymal Cells, mesenchyme |
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Term
| The predominant cells in connective tissue proper. They synthesize, secrete, and maintain all major ECM components. Structurally are of two types, one of which resembles mesenchymal cells. This type is stellate. The cells are mitotically active, with abundant RER and Golgi complexes. This cell type is important in producing collagen and other matrix components. Cells of the second type are less active and are termed fibrocytes because they are more mature. They may revert to the these cells state and participate in tissue repair. |
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Definition
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Term
| Produce fibers that form the netlike stroma of hematopoietic, lymphoid, and adipose tissues. Some actively phagocytose antigenic material and cellular debris. Some are antigen-presenting cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mesenchymal derivatives specialized for lipid storage. |
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Definition
| Adipose cells or Adipocytes |
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Term
| Widely distributed cells that contain many lysosomes, which aid in digesting phagocytosed materials, and a well-developed Golgi complex. They help maintain connective tissue integrity by removing foreign substances and cell debris, and they participate in the immune response by presenting phagocytosed antigens to lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
Develop from B lymphocytes
Synthesize and release antibodies
Common in CT where bacteria enter- intestinal
mucosa, mammary gland
Oval cells with eccentrically placed nucleus
Heterochromatin arranged in a clock face pattern
As the primary producers of circulating antibodies, they are the main effectors of the humoral immune response. |
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Definition
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Term
Widely distributed especially skin, and mucous membranes of digestive and respiratory tracts
Contains granules
Central nucleus
Surface receptors for the IgE antibodies that trigger degranulation, the exocytosis of the granule contents that initiates the local inflammation of allergic reactions.
Histamine- allergic response and inflammatory reactions
Heparin- anticoagulant |
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Definition
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Term
Most abundant
Fills spaces, supports ep. tissue
Cells= fibroblasts and macrophages
Few cells, much grd. sub., some fibers (collagen and elastic)
Delicate and flexible- not resistant to stress
Found in dermis, hypodermis,lines cavities, glands
Supports epithelial cells
Always well-vascularized, areolar tissue conveys oxygen and nutrients to avascular epithelium. Its cells function in immune surveillance for foreign substances entering the body through the blood or epithelia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Elastic, Reticular, Cartilage, Adipose, Bone, Blood are all types of what tissue? |
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Definition
| Specialized Connective Tissue |
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Term
(1)Few cells (fibrocytes), some grd. Sub., mostly fibers (collagen). Resistant to stress, less flexible than loose CT. What is the name of the tissue with these characteristics?
(2)Collagen bundles without orientation resistant to stress in all directions.It covers fragile tissues and organs, protecting them from multidirectional mechanical stresses. It occurs in the reticular layer of the dermis and in most organ capsules. What tissue has these characteristics?
(3)Collagen bundles arranged in pattern resistance to traction forces.
The collagen fibers' tensile strength makes them ideal for transmitting mechanical force over long distances with a minimal use of material and space.
This tissue transmits the force of muscle contraction, attaches bones, and protects other tissues and organs. It is found in tendons, ligaments, periosteum, perichondrium.What tissue exhibit these characteristics? |
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Definition
| Dense Connective Tissue, Dense Irregular CT, Dense Regular CT |
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Term
| Elastic fibers are collected in thick, wavy, parallel bundles. This tissue provides flexible support and predominates in the vertebral column's ligamenta flava and the suspensory ligament of the penis. |
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Definition
| Elastic connective Tissue |
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Term
Specialized loose CT
Provides architectural framework
Sponge-like structure
Its cells attach to and cover the fibers with their long, thin processes. There is little ground substance
Supports motile cells and filters body fluids
Occurs mainly in hematopoietic tissues, such as bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.
Lots of fibers |
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Definition
| Reticular Connective Tissue |
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Term
Abundant ground substance- mostly hyaluronic acid
Jelly-like consistency
Few fibers
Mainly fibroblasts
Found in the nucleus Pulposus of intervertebral disk
Principle component of umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly)
Pulp of young teeth |
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Definition
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Term
Functions
Stores energy (triglycerides)
Shock absorber
Thermal insulation
Fills spaces
Characteristics
Highly vascularized
Unilocular- 1 large central fat droplet
Multilocular- numerous fat droplets and mitochondria
Very little Ground substance
Reticular fibers and adipocytes |
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Definition
| Adipose Connective Tissue |
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Term
Limited distribution- little in adults
Newborns- helps regulate temperature
No new cells formed after birth
Cells
Smaller than unilocular
Numerous mitochondria
Highly vascularized
Transfers stored energy into heat
Numerous lipid droplets
Central spherical nucleus
Hint: Brown Fat |
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Definition
| Multilocular Adipose Connective Tissue |
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Term
Distribution- determined by age and sex
Highly vascularized
Cells
Lipid removed during processing
Signet cell ring
Eccentric, flattened nuclei
Most cytoplasm around nucleus
Droplets not surrounded by membrane
Basal lamina
Incomplete lobules
Number of cells increases only short time after birth
Lipid droplet in cells increases in size
Hint: White Fat |
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Definition
| Unilocular Adipose Connective Tissue |
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Term
| Error in GAG metabolism,excess GAG in organs excretion of GAG in urine are all symptoms of what connective tissue disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency of iduronate sulfatase leads to what CT disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency of L-iduronase leads to what CT disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency in heparan sulfatase leads to what CT disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
Mental retardation
short stature
skeletal- hands, spine
corneal clouding
early death
are all effects of what kind of disorder? |
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Definition
| Connective Tissue Disorder |
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Term
Skin -hyperextensible, soft, easily torn
Joint laxity
Bruising
Aortic valve disease
Eye problems
are all symptoms of what type of CT disorder? What do these defects occur? |
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Definition
| Ehlers-Danlos, Collagen defects |
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Term
Mutation in fibrillin gene
Tall stature
Skeletal disproportion
Aortic dilation or rupture
Chest deformation,
Long arms, hands and feet
are all symptoms of what CT disorder? Where do these defects occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells, leukocytes, osteoclasts, and reticular cells are all ??? |
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Definition
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