Term
| Why is it hard for people to be onjective? |
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Definition
| Because they relate to certain circumstances and can't just act like they don't understand. |
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Term
| What are the steps of the research process? |
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Definition
1. Pick a topic; public confessions
2. Focus/Narrow topic & define problem
3. Review literature
4. Optional: form a hypothesis
5. Choose research method
6. Collect data
7. Analyze data and look for patterns
8. Interpret the data
9. Share results |
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Term
| What are the differences between exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory? |
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Definition
Exploratory: Correlation between being skinny and money.
Descriptive: Gritty Details
Explanatory: Correlation is not the same as causation. |
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Term
What does correlation mean? How is it different from causation? What does it mean to have
correlation without causation? What’s an example of two things that are correlated but do not cause each other. |
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Definition
Correlation is the existence of a regular relationship between 2 sets of occurences or variables.
Causation is the cause that occurs because of the correlation.
Sleeping with shoes on is considered to go with headaches (drunk) so therefore sleeping with shoes on causes headaches |
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Term
| What is quantitative research? |
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Definition
| generates numerical data or data that can be converted into numbers for a statistical review. A typical example would be a restaurant survey card that asks “from 1 to 5, with one being ‘very dissatisfied’ and 5 being ‘very satisfied,’ how would you describe your dining experience today?” Ideally, quantitative research looks to obtain a statistically reliable sampling of respondents. |
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Term
| What is qualitative research? |
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Definition
| seeks out the ‘why’, not the ‘how’ of its topic through the analysis of unstructured information – things like interview transcripts, open ended survey responses, emails, notes, feedback forms, photos and videos. |
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Term
| What is inductive research? |
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Definition
Moves from specific observations to larger generalizations and theories.
"Bottom up approach"
1. Observation
2. To pattern
3. To Hypothesis
4. To Theory |
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Term
| What is deductive research? |
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Definition
General to specific.
"Top Down Approach"
1. Theory
2. To Hypothesis
3. To observation
4. To comfirmation |
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Term
| What is a hypothesis? Come up with an example of a hypothesis. |
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Definition
1. A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
Example: Bad test scores=bad mood=eat bad=theory |
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Term
| What is an independent variable? |
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Definition
| Variables that change within the experiment. Would be the (Test Scores) in the " Experiment Example". |
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Term
| What is a dependent variable? |
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Definition
| A dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. The dependent variable responds to the independent variable. It is called dependent because it "depends" on the independent variable. (How many donuts eaten in the experiment example) |
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Term
| What is random assignment? Why is it important for research? |
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Definition
| random assigned value. Because you need somewhere to start and that is usually where you begin. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of experiments? |
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Definition
| Causation, Variables can be controlled (easily replicated), results are easy to analyze (create statistics that are generalizable.) |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of experiments? |
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Definition
| They are hard to apply to macrolevel analysis (Subjects have limited options). And there is no room for interpretation (only has a cut dry analysis and rarely creates new ideas) |
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Term
| What kind of research are surveys typically used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the advantages to surveys? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the disadvantages to surveys? |
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Definition
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Term
| Come up with a research question you would use a survey to answer. |
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Definition
| How many teens under the age of 18, actually have sex and do sexual acts? |
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Term
| What does fieldwork consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the advantages to fieldwork? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the disadvantages to fieldwork? |
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Definition
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Term
| Come up with a research question you would use fieldwork to answer. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does nonreactive data consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the advantages to nonreactive research? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the disadvantages to nonreactive research? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Its when you act out from the norm by choice. |
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Term
| What does it mean to say that deviance is a social control and based on society’s norms and reactions? |
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Definition
| It is a social control because it is out stepping the norm, which causes social control dilemmas. Deviance causes an active choas within a strictured world, therefore the community reacts as they feel needed. |
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Term
| What is stigma? What’s an example of a person who is stigmatized? |
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Definition
| Is characteristics that discredit people. Example: violations of norms, blindness deafness, and facial birthmark. |
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Term
| What is a master status? What does it have to do with crime? |
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Definition
| term used to describe a social position, It is defined as "a status that has exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life. *Because every orgnaized crime civilation needs a gangster to run the show. |
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Term
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Definition
| generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group. |
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Term
| What is proactive social control? Come up with an example |
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Definition
| the calculation of the act occuring at some point in the future of some form of intervention in anticipation of this. (To catch someone using drugs before they throw their life away.) |
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Term
| What is reactive social control? Come up with an example. |
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Definition
| those used to respond to something after it has taken place. (To label and belittle someone who did do drugs and allowed it to ruin their life.) |
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Term
| What is formal social control? Come up with an example. |
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Definition
| relates to any occassion where the imposition of the control is based on presents of the law. (if you do wrong, the law will get you and that is how your situation will be controlled.) |
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Term
| What is informal social control? Come up with an example |
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Definition
| Basically when you do not follow the law and you are faced with consequences. (Steal from a store, the police will handle it rather than the owner.) |
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Term
| What is hard edge social control? Come up with an example. |
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Definition
| Those where the act of compelling by force of authority is present and effident in the controlling action. (To demand the addict to just stop because I said so.) |
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Term
| What is soft edge social control? Come up with an example. |
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Definition
| Are more subtle psychological and therapeutic of diagnosis, persusasion, and intervention. (Work with the drug attic to find what triggers the need to use and how to over come it.) |
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Term
| What is downward social control? Come up with an example. |
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Definition
| is the more common form, involving someone with more authority regulating the behavior of individuals or groups. (Rehab center basically.) |
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Term
| What is upward social control? Come up with an example |
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Definition
| allowing the less powerful shape the behavior of normally powerful individuals. (Basically allowing an ex addict come in to teach addics how to walk away from the drugs) |
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Term
| What are the various biological/Darwinist explanations for crime? |
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Definition
| Darwin believed that crime was normal and apart of all societies. That no community could have uniformity without crime. |
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Term
| Why are studies conducted in prisons that show that criminals have a lower IQ than average problematic? |
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Definition
| *To make the prisoners (considered to be skum by society) appear dumber than the average person. Even though it is probably lack of society and lack of fluent knowledge that we as a community maintain for the most part. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that has the characteristics of a more primitive type of that organism. |
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Term
| What is somatotype theory? What is an endomorph, ectomorph, and mesomorph? |
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Definition
The theory of W. H. Sheldon, suggesting that body structure is correlated with certain temperaments and predisposes to mental disorders.
Endomorph:is round and soft
Ectomorph:a fragile and delicate one
Mesomorph:well-defined muscles and large bones |
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Term
What is frustration aggression hypothesis? Come up with an example of deviance that could be
explained by frustration aggression hypothesis. |
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Definition
When you take the anger you have out on someone else.
(Goodfellas: Dad beating his son because he can't control the life that he or his family live in.) |
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Term
| What does Durkheim say about crime and deviance in The Normal and the Pathological? |
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Definition
| Durkheim picks off the pieces from Darwinism that it likes. It says By punishing criminals, society reaffirms it own values. If crimes were not committed, then the values of society would become blurred. If there is no punishment, then there would be no way of reestablishing the values that the crime offends. That it is not Pathological. |
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Term
| According to Functionalists, how is crime functional? |
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Definition
| Because it keeps the world moving. It allows the good to value their morals and allows the bad to consider themselves apart of the expectations just going about it another way. |
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Term
| How do Functionalists view social control? |
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Definition
| That it is the reason that individuals are molded into the way that they become. |
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Term
| What is the basic idea of social disorganization theory? What influenced these theorists? |
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Definition
Weakened social controls led to the inability of communities to solve problems, which, in turn, led to crime.
These theorists were influenced by: Shaw and McKay |
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Term
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Definition
An explaination for crime and deviance.
1. Cultural goals are our moral goals
a. success, education, and $
2. Institutional means; to do it a certain way
a. Graduate HS, go to college, get good paying job and start a family.
3. It then leads to individuals being inequipped for such lavish lifestyles but they still want it because they are taught to want it. So they resort to selling drugs or stealing to make the $ so they are seen as successful. |
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Term
| What’s cultural deprivation? |
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Definition
| referring to the absence of certain expected and acceptable cultural phenomena in the environment which results in the failure of the individual to communicate and respond in the most appropriate manner within the context of society. |
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Term
| . What are cultural goals? What are some examples of cultural goals? |
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Definition
The goals that society teaches us to want from infance, such as:
1. Education
2. Success
3. Wealth |
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Term
| What are institutional means? What are some examples of institutional means? |
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Definition
The "right" way of achieving cultural goals.
1. Graduate
2. College
3. Good paying job
4. Success |
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Term
| What’s conformity? Come up with an example |
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Definition
Agrees with cutltural goals and institutional means.
(Someone who wants the best for themself and is willing to do all of the social steps to achieve cultural goals to prove their status.) |
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Term
| What’s innovation? Come up with an example. |
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Definition
Agrees with cultural goals but doesn't follow cultural means.
(Wants success and money but wants to achieve it unnaturaly. for example: Stephanie Meyer, got lucky and achieved those goals.) |
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Term
| . What’s ritualism? Come up with an example |
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Definition
| Does not agree with cultural goals but follows institutional means because even if they think it is crock of crap, they still want the perks. |
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Term
| What’s retreatism? Come up with an example |
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Definition
| Doesn't agree with cultural goals or institutional means. These people are basically drop outs of life and society) |
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Term
| What’s rebellion? Come up with an example. |
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Definition
| Seeks to replace both cultural goals and institutional means. (Activists) |
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Term
| What is illegitimate opportunities theory? |
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Definition
| illegitimate routes to success that are more readily available in lower income places such as (east Topeka is considered to be more accessable to drugs and gangs.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Questions why we shouldn't engage in deviant behavior. Why would you conform if you really don't want to? |
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Term
| What are inner containments? Come up with an example |
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Definition
Morals that keep you from deviance.
(Such as; me not drinking because I know that it upsets my boyfriend and I don't want to deal with those consiquences.) |
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Term
| What are outer containments? Come up with an example. |
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Definition
Humiliation being the reason you do not choose to be deviant.
For example: If you get caught stealing what you want, yeah you got what you want but people will look at you with distrust and judgment and you don't want that. So, you don't steal. |
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Term
| 61. – 64. What are the four types of social bonds that keep people from committing deviant acts? Come up with an example of each. |
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Definition
Attachment to other people: Dad refuses to smoke pot because he has kids at home whose lives depend on him.
Commitment to conformity: Sits in on movies because even if I don't come up here to see it they are going to show it so why pay to just sit in on the movie?
Involvment with conventional activiities: don't have anything to lose. Such as: Friday (the movie)
Belief in legitimacy of conventional values and norms: Even if she got away with it, I know with my luck that I won't and I don't want that trouble. |
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Term
| What does Marxism/Conflict Theory say about crime? |
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Definition
| it focuses on why things change, identifying the disruptive forces in industrialized societies, and describing how society is divided by power, wealth, prestige, and the perceptions of the world. |
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Term
| What is white collar crime? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| crimes committed either by a corporation or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity. |
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Term
| What does differential association theory say about crime and deviance? |
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Definition
This focuses on how individuals become criminals without caring why.
2. predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding. |
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Term
| According to differential association theory, what do people learn from one another that might make them become deviant? Come up with a couple examples. |
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Definition
They learn how to commit criminal acts; they learn motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
(5 year old sees a teacher pick money up off the floor and keep it. He sees that stealing is okay because his authority didn't report it.)
2. (18 year old watches a robbery, ten years later when he is to broke to pay his bills he remembers how the robber got away with the robbery.) |
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Term
| What does labeling theory say? |
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Definition
| Labeling theory holds that deviance is not inherent to an act, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms. |
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Term
| What is primary deviance? |
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Definition
| Primary deviance does not result in a person internalizing a deviant identity, so one does not alter their self-concept to include this deviant identity. It is not until the act becomes labeled or tagged, that secondary deviation may materialize. |
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Term
| What is secondary deviance? |
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Definition
| conceptualized primary deviance as engaging in the initial act of deviance and then posited secondary deviance as the stage in which one internalizes a deviant identity by integrating it into their self-concept. |
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Term
| Why do people engage in neutralization techniques? |
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Definition
it is a psychological method for people to turn off 'inner protests' when they do, or are about to do something they themselves perceive as wrong.
Because they don't want to take on the responsibility of the guilt and the act. |
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Term
| 74- 79. What are the five types of neutralization techniques we discussed? Come up with an example of each. |
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Definition
1. Denial of injury
2. Denial of victim
3. Dispersment of blame
4. Dehumanization of victim
5. Appeal to higher loyalties. |
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Term
| Know all films showed in class: |
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Definition
Office space;
Goodfellas;
Friday |
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