Term
|
Definition
| belief in survival of the fittest of cultures, leads to racist justification of imperialism, strongest (and best) cultures survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kipling, It was the European’s duty to go to Africa and Asia to save the uncivilized people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promised the creation of an independent Israel met demands of Zionist movement, Zionists are Jews who wanted their own country, problem with Israel is that Palestinians have a legitimate claim to the land as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| official policy of racial separation in South Africa, Africans were confined to homelands and were not let off unless they had passes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any country or ethnic group should democratically decide for itself how it should be led, governments should not be imposed on people, central point to Wilson’s Fourteen Points |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one nation depends on other nations for economic, political or social benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when cultures adopt ideas, goods, technology of another culture because of contact such as war or trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hieroglyphics, cuneiform, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extreme pride in ones country. It can unify nations with a common purpose, or tear them apart if groups within a nation want to separate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a map that shows a proportional relationship between nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass killing of a specific group of people with intention to eliminate them, examples – Hitler killing Jews, Pol Pot killing Cambodians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| documents written or created by people who actually witnessed or participated in an event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief that natural objects (like trees) have spirits in them. Examples - Daoism, Shintoism, traditional Native American and African beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where a king has complete political control over a nation. Frequently associated with divine right - idea that kings get their power from God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| government where the power of government comes from the people (citizens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state gets complete control over all of society - legal and social control. Dissent is not tolerated. Complete control over media and speech. Needs of state more important than individual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person who disagrees with the policies of their government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of tension from 1945- 1989 between US and Soviet Union (USSR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Policy to limit communism to the nations where it currently existed and actively prevent the spread to new areas. (Truman Doctrine to prevent Domino Effect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marshall = Money. US policy to use rebuild Europe after WWII to prevent the spread of communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization – a military and political alliance of the US and non communist Western European nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Military and political alliance of USSR (Soviet Union) and Eastern European nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Build up of nuclear weapons by the Soviet Union and US in an effort to prevent one country from becoming stronger |
|
|
Term
| NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY – NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY |
|
Definition
| Attempts by the US and USSR to limit the production and testing of nuclear weapons to only the nations that currently had them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Easing of tensions between the Soviet Union and US. (1970s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Governments of Western European nations create social programs to improve the lives of its people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| European Union – economic organization that eliminated tariffs and passports between nations and created one common currency – Euro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political critics of a government who speak out and demonstrate against a government. Frequently are jailed for their opinions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glasnost is the easing of tensions between US and USSR began by Gorbachev. Perestroika is an economic reform of USSR that allowed some capitalist elements into USSR. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ethnic area within Russia that wants to separate from Russia. Russia fights to prevent their independence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Walesa is a Polish dissident who led the Solidarity movement that challenged Soviet rule of Poland. Succeeds in forcing Soviets out of Poland and becomes leader of Poland in 1990. |
|
|
Term
| “ETHNIC CLEANSING” - DAYTON ACCORDS |
|
Definition
| Genocide committed by the Serbs in Yugoslavia, led by Milosovic against the Bosnian Muslims (1990-1995) It was stopped with the Dayton Accords. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term for the Communists in Russia. Led by Lenin. Created the USSR in 1917 in the November (October) Revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New Economic Policy- Lenin’s plan to introduce a little capitalism (mom and pop stores) to Communism. He said, “take two steps backward to go one step forward.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The government nationalizes (owns) all industry and land and controls all aspects of the economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small farms combined into large state run farms. Stalin’s plan of destroying all private farms of the Kulaks (large landowners) and making all peasants farm land owned by the state. The plan backfired and led to famine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stalin’s totalitarian policies were enforced with show trials and the purging (getting rid) of dissidents and counter-revolutionaries. Many (12-20 million) were sent to Gulags (labor camps). “When there’s only one road, no one gets lost!” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1934 The Communists led by Mao Zedong were chased 6,000 miles by the. Guomindang led by Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek). It increased the popularity of the Communists amongst peasants. Only 20,000 survived. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1958 To increase food production, Mao put all peasants onto Communes. The program failed and led to famine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aka Proletarian Revolution. 1966 Mao formed the Red Guard, a group of young people who attacked teachers, parents, authority figures, etc. who appeared disloyal to the Communist Revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Policy of Deng Xiaoping, leader of China after Mao, to modernize China in the areas of Science, Industry, Agriculture, and Defense. The policy was successful. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asian countries like Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, & South Korea that rapidly developed their economies through technology like cars, televisions, computers, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Tiananmen Square Massacre |
|
Definition
| 1989 100,000 student protesters gathered in Tiananmen Square asking for democratic reform and more freedom in China. The Chinese Army killed 7-10,000 and arrested 50,000 people. Sent a clear message that Chinese Communism was not going to fall like Soviet Communism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leader of Communist China from 1949-1976. Called Chairman Mao. Wrote Little Red Book (quotations from Chairman Mao), a handbook on how to be a good Communist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communist leader of the Vietnam who leads an independence movement against France and the U.S. The Vietnam War is a Cold War conflict between the U.S. and USSR. Vietnam became communist by 1975 and remains so today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Japan is known as an economic miracle because, with the help of the U.S., Japan rebuilt its economy and creates high tech items like cars, TVs, computers, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communist leader of North Korea. Has been accused of having nuclear weapons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic, political, cultural or military domination of one country by another more technologically advanced country. A nation makes colonies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The belief that western “civilized” nations had the responsibility to improve the lives of “uncivilized” nations. Part of paternalism – the idea that the relationship between a powerful and weak nation is similar to the relationship between a father and a child. (Father has total control) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A country (mother country) that creates colonies and uses European civil servants (government employees) to rule the colony. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A country (mother country) that creates colonies and uses local people from the colony to rule the colony. (puppet government) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A meeting in 1884 of European nations where they agreed to peacefully divide up Africa into European controlled colonies. Africans were not allowed any input into the decisions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Applying the law of survival of the fittest to human civilizations. Led to the belief that white race (Europeans) were superior to non-European races. Justified imperialism and mistreatment of non-European peoples. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When citizens of the mother country commit a crime in a colony, they are not tried and punished in the colony, but are sent home to the mother country for punishment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Imperial nations agree to allow economic control over certain areas of a territory and not compete against each other. This was done by European nations in Africa at the Berlin Conference and in China. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The introduction of industrial technology and western cultural values into undeveloped areas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A crop or natural resource that can be sold on the open market for cash. Typically undeveloped nations are dependent on only one cash crop. Success or failure of this crop has a major impact on the nation’s economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka Passive Resistance. Attempts to show the evil of others’ actions by resisting non-violently. Methods include: sit-ins, hunger strikes, boycotts, protests, labor strikes, marches, etc. The goal is to bring the “eyes of the world” to the injustice and have the world put pressure for change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement by Gandhi to encourage Indians to boycott (refuse to buy) British goods to hurt the British Economy. Indians were told to spin their own cloth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka Indian National Congress (INC). An illegal political party of Indians with the sole goal of ending British rule in India using civil disobedience. Led by Gandhi and Nehru. Made up mostly of Hindus. India gets its independence in 1947 and the INC becomes the major political party. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka Mahatma or great soul. Leader of the Indian Independence Movement who called for an end to the British rule and to the caste system in India. Called Untouchables “harijan” (children of God). Saw all people of all races and religions as equals. Used Passive Resistance. “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1930. March by Gandhi and thousands of Indians 240 miles to the sea to make salt after the British took control over the Indian salt mines. Gandhi and up to 100,000 were arrested. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| April 13, 1919 10,000 Indians (men, women, children) gathered in Amritsar to protest British rule peacefully. British General Dyer ordered the troops to fire on the crowd. About 1600 people died. Good example of the injustice of British rule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organization of Muslims in India who feared the Hindu majority and called for a separate Muslim nation called Pakistan after independence from Britain. Used both violence and non-violence. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah who will be the first leader of Pakistan in 1947. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Means division. In 1947, British India was divided into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India. A lot of violence erupted. Gandhi fasted in protest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A place in India, etc. in which adult and child labor is used for very low wages and in poor conditions with long hours. Multinational Corporations use this labor to increase their profits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In traditional areas large families are the result of the need for labor, lack of education, and little access to birth control. The result is a strain on the land, food, and natural resources. Overcrowding breeds disease and leads to a low standard of living. India has responded with sterilization, sex selection of babies, and education programs to try to promote the economic development of the nation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Free market economy where the government does not get involved and the price of goods is determined by supply and demand. Developed by Adam Smith. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic system where a country creates colonies to supply wealth from natural resources, gold. Colony must buy manufactured products from mother country. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth of cities as a result of Industrial Revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief that a controlled society where workers own and operate factories would improve working and living conditions and reduce the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution. Based on ideas of Robert Owen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Government owns and operates most major business and controls most aspects of the economy (mixed economy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Based on ideas of Karl Marx in Communist Manifesto, government owns and operates ALL business and controls economy. Goal is to end social classes based on wealth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Industrial working class (have nots) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capitalist business owners (entrepreneurs), controllers of wealth and power (haves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of mass production where raw materials are made into finished products in one building using machines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A British report that outlined the poor working conditions in factories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in the need for change, government responsibility for welfare of citizens. Individual rights more important than society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in status quo. Protection of existing power and wealth structures. Needs of society more important than individual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German Chancellor who led the German Nationalist movement. Consolidated power by any means (Machiavellian). Argued for a strong state and leader. State should have a strong military and economy (Blood and Iron). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prime Minister who led Italian Nationalist movement. Believed in a strong monarchy and economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harsh assessment of needs of state. State should do anything necessary to maintain its power, improve its internal and global strength. (Machiavellian) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pride in and devotion to one’s country. National origin is most important defining characteristic of a person. Nation’s success is most important. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People of an area should be able to decide for themselves what nation they belong to and who their leaders should be. (self rule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All Slavic people throughout southeastern Europe and Russia should be united. Russia is the leader of Slavic people. (Big Brother Slav) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bismarck’s belief that the creation of Germany required war (strong military) and economic success. Military is most important part of German society. Glorification of the military (militarism). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ottoman Empire (1453–1919) multi-ethnic empire in Southeastern Europe, Turkey and Middle East that is weakened by corruption and nationalist movements. Becomes target of European nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russian Czar (Tsar) who was known as great liberalizing czar for emancipating (freeing) the serfs and modernizing the legal system. But doesn’t allow Duma (legislature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A revolution against Czar Nicholas II. The people asked the Czar for bread. The Czar ordered troops to fire. The communists were forced to flee from Russia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination, and issued a sweeping final set of demands, “ do this or else!”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Balkans is known as this because Slavic nationalism was a powerful force. On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria. This was the spark that ignited the powder keg! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fighting in World War I between the Central Powers and Allies became a stalemate, where neither side was winning, so they “dug in” on two fronts, the Western and Eastern. The Fronts became trenches in which the land in between was known as “No Man’s Land.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mobilization of a country’s entire economy to ready for war. In other words, everything produced is for the war and everything spent is for the war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The glorification of the military and readiness for war (getting the military organized and ready to deploy for war). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russia (until 1917), Britain, France, Italy (joins 1915), United States (enters 1917) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Against the advice of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson who proposed in the 14 Points “Peace without Victory,” this final Treaty in 1919 blamed Germany solely for WWI. Germany was stripped of its colonies, military, factories, land and dignity. A major factor in the rise of Hitler. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An agreement to stop fighting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of media or writing to promote a cause and convince people one side is better than another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paramilitary group organized by Mussolini to violently break up any opposition to the government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Authoritarian government characterized by extreme nationalism, glorified action, violence, discipline and blind loyalty to the state. Mussolini’s Italy is an example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Written by Adolf Hitler, a book of Nazi goals and ideology. Detailed Hitler’s beliefs of extreme nationalism, racism and |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hitler’s government that reigned in terror and totalitarian rule from 1933-1945. State had complete control over all aspects of citizens lives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hitler’s secret police that enforced his totalitarian rule by means of brute force, violence and killing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1935 – Severe restriction on Jews: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “Night of the Broken Glass” – riots on nights of November 9th and 10th, 1938. Nazi mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany and broke windows and killed people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Policy of giving into an aggressor. The Munich Conference is an example, when Europe allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland in exchange for a promise for peace. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genocide (deliberate killing) of the Jewish people in Nazi occupied lands from 1933-1945. Approximately 6 million Jews and 5-6 million “others” died in concentration camps. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russia-Britain-France (until 1940)-U.S. (joined 1941) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Problem solving method that used observation, experimentation, investigation and speculation – associated with modern thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed heliocentric theory – sun is the center of the solar system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scientifically proved earth revolved around sun, he challenged traditional church teachings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Discovered gravity, tied physics to astronomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stressed scientific method and used reasoning as a way to gain understanding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Argued there was a natural law – all men get right to life, liberty, property and they can’t be taken away. Government is created to protect these rights. If government does not protect natural rights, people can overthrow (revolt) the government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Argued for absolute freedom of speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “Social Contract” said people are good but are corrupted by society. Argued society should be run for the “general will” needs of society are more important than needs of an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Governments should have separate parts to prevent any one group from getting too much power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absolute monarchs who made reforms (changes) based on Enlightenment ideas to improve education and quality of life of their subjects. NEVER allowed their power to be lessened. Examples – Catherine the Great of Russia, Maria Theresa of Hapsburg (Austria) |
|
|
Term
| Impact of Enlightenment on American Revolution |
|
Definition
| Locke – natural rights seen in Declaration of Independence |
|
|
Term
| Causes of French Revolution |
|
Definition
| Overtaxation, debt from war, abuse of king’s power, political and social inequality, Great Fear (bread crisis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leader of Revolution during Reign of Terror, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made revolution radical, people executed by guillotine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bourbon absolute monarch, killed during Reign of Terror |
|
|
Term
| Impact of Revolution on France |
|
Definition
| Ended absolutism. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. End of feudalism. Birth of First Republic. Weakened Catholic Church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General. Crowned himself Emperor of the French. (1804) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Written set of laws. Liberal. Applies to everyone even rulers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pride in one’s nation. Spreads through Europe in response to Napoleon’s Empire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1815 meeting to reestablish borders to before French Revolution. Attempt by monarchs to undo Revolutionary changes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legislative (law making) body of France. Made of three Estates (Clergy, Nobles, Common). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Middle class – merchants, businessmen, bankers (small part of Third Estate). Developed money wealth not land wealth. Angry because they had no political power. Leaders of Revolution. |
|
|
