Term
|
Definition
| Develop & maintenance of the greatest ROM will maximize... |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. The degree & type of motion that will occur at a specific joint.
2. Average or normal ROM
3. HOw to position self during pt measurement |
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Definition
The OT practitioner must have a complete understanding of the following principles in regards to goniometry & ROM
(3) |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum ROM needed to execute performance in essential areas of occupation without the use of special equipment |
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Term
Sagital
Frontal
Horizontal |
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Definition
| Method of joint measurement generally occurs in 3 cardinal planes of movement |
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Term
0-180 degrees
0-360 degrees |
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Definition
| The Goniometer's stationary bar can move in what degree? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The goniometer's movable (distal) bar acts as a ____. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When documenting measurements, you should round the degree to what? |
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Term
Full circle goniomenter
Radiopaque
Plastic goniometers
Finger goniometers |
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Definition
| Different styles of goniometers |
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Term
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Definition
| Guiding Principle: There is a limitation in ROM when the start position on the goniometer is not at ___ degrees. |
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Term
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Definition
| Goniometer testing positions should remain consistant with _____ methods. |
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Term
CVA
Spasticity
Burn Injuries
Trauma
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Definition
| Pathology/Diseases that can cause joint limitation |
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Term
|
Definition
| The most effective type of ROM is: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Principle for Joint Measurement: Pt should be ___ & ____ when in the testing position. |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle for Joint Measurement: Explain/Demonstrate to your pt ___, ___ & ___. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Principle for Joint Measurement: Establish ___ landmarks for measurement |
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Term
|
Definition
| Principle for Joint Measurement: Stabilize the joints ____ to the joint being measured |
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Term
|
Definition
| Principle for Joint Measurement: Move the part ___ throughout ROM to establish the avialable joint ROM and get a feel for joint mobility. |
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Term
| axis of the joint/proximal/distal |
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Definition
| Principle for Joint Measurement: At the starting osition, place the axis of the goniometer over the ________. Place the stationary bar over the ____ bone and the movalble bar over the ___ bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shoulder Flexion can be measured in: |
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Term
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Definition
| Shoulder Extension can be measured in: |
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Term
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Definition
| Shoulder abduction can be measured in: |
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Term
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Definition
| Horizontial Abduction can be measured in: |
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Term
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Definition
| Horizontal adduction can be measured in: |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal Rotation (seated with humerus adducted against trunk, elbow at 90 degrees, forearm in midposition and perpendicular to body) can be measured in: |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal Rotation ( seated or supine with humerus abducted to 90 degrees and elbow flexed to 90 degrees) can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| External Rotation (seated with humerus adducted against trunk, elbow at 90 degrees, forearm in midposition and perpendicular to body) can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| External rotation (seated or supine with humerus abducted to 90 degrees and elbow flexed to 90 degrees) can be measured in: |
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Term
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Definition
| Elbow Extension to Flexion can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| supination can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pronation can be measured in: |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrist Flextion can be measured in: |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrist extension can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ulnar deviation can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Radial deviation can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| MP (knuckles) flexion can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| MP Hyperextension can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| PIP (2nd knuckles)flexioncan be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| DIP (3rd knuckle) Flexion can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thumb MP flexion can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| thumb IP flexion can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thumb Radial Abduction (CMC extension) can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thumb Palmar Abduction (CMC flexion) can be measured in: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thumb Opposition: Pt seated with palmer aspect of thumb exposed. Distance between thumb and 5th finger pad is measured with a _____. |
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Term
| Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems |
|
Definition
| The Autonomic Nervous System consists of the |
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Term
| Cranial Nerves Brachial Plexus Spinal Nerves Lumbosacral Plexus |
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Definition
| The PNS consists of which sets of nerves: |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What systemtdeals with stress and stimulation? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What system deals with conserving energy? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fattly sheath that covers in inner part of the axon |
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Term
|
Definition
| The myelin is interrupted approximatly every half millimeter. This break in the myelin is referred to as |
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Term
|
Definition
| This is found in the CNS & PNS. One of its functions is to increase the speed of impulse conduction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| AReas that contain mostly unmyelinated fibrs are referred to as |
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Term
|
Definition
| areas that contain mostly myelinated fibers are called |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmission of impulses from one neuron to another occurs at a |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of myelinated nerve fibers within the CNS that carries a specific type of information from one area to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A ___ conducts efferent impulses from the spinal cord to the periphery. |
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Term
| sensory (afferent) neuron |
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Definition
| a ____ sends afferent impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord. |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuron that is found within the CNS and functions to transmit or integrate signals from one or more sensory neurons and relay impulses to motor neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lobe of the cerebrum that: mediates cognition (intelligence, problem solving and STM), expressive language, motor planning, mathematical calculations and working memory. Personality. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lobe of the cerebrum that mediates executive functions (organization, planning, sequencing and motivation) self-insight, and regulation of emotions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lobes of the cerebrum that its function is sensory detection, perception and interpretation. gross sensation such as touch and pressure. It also controls fine sensation such as the determination of texture, weight, size and shape. Brain activity associated with reading skills is also located here. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lobes of the cerebrum that its function is audition, comprehension of language, LTM and behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lobes of the cerebrum responsible for the interpretation of visual stimuil from optic pathways |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of 3 basic structures that control vegetative function (respiration, cough and gag reflex, pupillary response, swallowing reflex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| has role in automatic reflexive behaviors dealing with vision and audition |
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Term
|
Definition
| primarily mediates motor information on an unconscious level (weight shifting for balance and making FM adjustments to perform precise coordinated limb movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries motor/sensory information to/from the spinal cord/cerebrum. Also is the center for automatic contraol of respiration and heart rate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the brain that is a relay station for body sensations; it is here where pain is perceived |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the brain that is important for hormone function and behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the way the brain talks to itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the brain that its main functions are the control of muscle coordination, tone and posture. also regulates speech - largely responsible for the timing and fluidity of speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cerebellum has two hemispheres that are connected by a _____. |
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|
Term
Bone (skull)
Meninges
CSF
Blood Brain Barrier |
|
Definition
| The brain has 4 layers of protection: |
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Term
|
Definition
| The main function of the CSF is |
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Term
|
Definition
| The spinal cord is a continuation of the medulla, it runs down the vertebral canal from the foramen magnum to the cone-shaped ______. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The spinal cord ends at approximatly what level of the spinal cord? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cauda equina is made up of the nerve roots for which vertebrea? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What type of matter is in the middle of the spinal cord that makes up an "H" shape and contains neuronal cell bodies and synapses? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of matter contains ascending and desending fiber pathways. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aphasia generally results from which side of the brain? |
|
|
Term
| Flocculonodular Lobe of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| aka archicerebellum/ancient cerebellum b/c it used to be considered the oldest part of the brain. Plays a role in trunk control, postural reflexes and balance |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Lobe of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| aka palecerebellum/old brain. function: extremity control, postural adjustments and sterotypical movement patterns |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Lobe of the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| aka neocerebellum. Plays a role in motor planning (praxis) and the precise timing and coordination of multiple muscle groupls. Also thought that coordination of cognitive functions may take place in this lobe. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a network of spinal nerves from C5-T1 that extend from the cervical vertebrae to the upper extremities |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a network of spinal nerves from L1-S3 that extend from the lumbar vertebrae to the lower extremities |
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Term
|
Definition
| The spinal nerves are apart of which nervous system? |
|
|
Term
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal |
|
Definition
| There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how do they break down? |
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Term
|
Definition
| skin segment with sensory fibers that receives its innervation from a specific spinal nerve. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| soft pulpy highly elastic tissue int he center of the intervertebral disc |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the more fibrous outer covering of the intervertebral disc |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the intervertebral disc most likely to rupture |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when a intervertebral disc has ruptures, it travels tot he place of least resistance which is the... |
|
|
Term
Anterior funiculi
Lateral funiculi
Dorsal funiculi |
|
Definition
| the white matter of the spinal cord is divided into 3 pairs of funiculi - this is where the sc tracts are located. Name the 3 pairs. |
|
|
Term
| medial ventral horn/lateral ventral horn |
|
Definition
The cell bodies for the motor spinal nerves that innervate the skeletal muscles are organized in a precise pattern in the ventral horn.
Ones that innervate the proximal muscle groupls are located in the ___ ventral horn.
Ones that innervate the distal muscles are located in the ___ ventral horn. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| What part of the brain receives sensory data from the sensory systems? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all sensory information, except ___, travels through the thalamus before it reaches the cortex and is consciously interpreted. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the thalamus is the gateway to the ____. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the exchange of nutrients between the CNS and vascular system. Acts as a wall that controls with molevules in the bloodstream will be able to enter the CNS. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a specific body region shares its spinal nerve innervation with a specific dermatomal skin segment. The pain experienced by the body part is mininterpreted by the cortex as pain coming from a separate dermatomal skin segment. |
|
|
Term
| TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) |
|
Definition
| used on the identified dermatome region to stimulate nerve regeneration or to reduce pain in a peripheral nerve injury. |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic vertebrae lateral horn |
|
Definition
| this is where the cell bodies for the sympathetic nervous system are located |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the blood supply to the spinal cord comes from... |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| UMNs carry motor messages from the ___ to the cranial nerve nuclei and the interneurons in the ventral horn. |
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Term
|
Definition
| LMNs carry motor messages from the ___ in the ventral horn to the skeltal muscles in the periphery. |
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Term
|
Definition
| UMNs are considered to be apart of which nervous system? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| LMNs are considered to be apart of what nervous system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of motor neurons are the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, cauda equina, and the ventral horn considered? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Stroke happens in an ___ motor neuron injury. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ____ motor neuron injury happens on peripheral appendages. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In UMN lesions spasticity occurs ___ the lesion level. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In a UMN lesion _____ occurs at the lesion level. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Flaccidity occurs at and below the LMN lesion level because the LMN does not involve any ____ and nothing continues to innervate the muscles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When descending SCT are ready to exit the cord, they ___. |
|
|
Term
Brainstem - thalamus - cortex
& the brainstem - cerebellum |
|
Definition
| What are the 2 ways ascending tracts carry sensory information to be interpreted? |
|
|
Term
Cortex - internal capsule - thalamus - brainstem - spinal cord
& some originate in the cerebellum and brainstem |
|
Definition
| What are the 2 ways decending tracts carry motor information to innervate the nerves? |
|
|
Term
Dorsal Columns
Lateral spinothalamic
Anterior Spinothalamic
Posterior Spinocerebellar
Anterior Spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
Rostral spinocerebellar |
|
Definition
| Name the 7 Ascending Tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dorsal column's origin |
|
|
Term
| postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory area) |
|
Definition
| The destination of the Dorsal Column Tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The deccusation of the Dorsal Column Tract |
|
|
Term
Carries conscious sensory information:
Discriminative Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Proprioception
Kinesthesia |
|
Definition
| Function of the Dorsal Column Tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The origin of the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract |
|
|
Term
| postcentral gyrus/primary somatosensory area |
|
Definition
| Destination of the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract |
|
|
Term
| SC level - crosses as soon as the spinal nerve enters the cord and synapses on the tract |
|
Definition
| Decussation of the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract |
|
|
Term
Carries conscious sensory information to the cortex regarding:
Pain and temperature |
|
Definition
| Function of the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract |
|
|
Term
| dorsal horn in SC levels T6 and below |
|
Definition
| Origin of the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
Definition
| Which tract serves the lower extremities? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Destination of the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decussation of the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
|
Term
Carries unconscious sensory information from the lower extremity tot he cerebellum regarding:
Proprioception - pressure and tension of skeletal muscels
Coordinatin of motoric movement of individual muscles |
|
Definition
| Function of the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Horn of the lumbar sections |
|
Definition
| Origin of the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destination of the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
|
Term
| SC level in the lumbar sections |
|
Definition
| Decussation of the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
|
Term
Carres uconscious information from the lower extremeities to the cerebellum regarding:
Pressure and tension of skeletal muscles
Coordination of posture and movement of limbs (not individual muscles) |
|
Definition
| Function of the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Origin of the Lateral Corticospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
| synapses on an interneuron in the ventral horn (this interneuron then synapses on the motor neuron ofthe motor spinal nerves that innervate the skeletal muscles in the PNS) |
|
Definition
| Destination of the Lateral Corticospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
| at the pyramidal decussation of the medulla |
|
Definition
| Decussation of the Lateral Corticospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
| Carry conscious/voluntary motor information from the precentral gyrus up to, but not including the ventral horn. The tracts then synapse on motor spinal nerves in the ventral horn that innervate skeletal muscles. |
|
Definition
| Function of the Lateral Corticospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
| vestibular nuclei in the medulla |
|
Definition
| Origin of the Vestibulospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
| the vestibulospinal tract innervates the extensor muscle groups in the PNS |
|
Definition
| Destination of the Vestibulospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
| none - it is an ipsilateral tract |
|
Definition
| Decussation of the Vestibulospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
facilitaiton of antigravity (extensor) muscles
facilitation of muscles responsible for posture and stance |
|
Definition
| Function of the Vestibulospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
Vestibulospinal
Rubrospinal
Medullary recticulospinal
Pontine rectibulospinal |
|
Definition
| Descending motor tracts originating from the brainstem (4) |
|
|
Term
Lateral corticospinal
Anterior corticospinal
corticobulbar |
|
Definition
| Cortically originated descending motor tracts (3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to any of the tracs that originate in the brainstem result in ___. Involves spastic extension of both the UE & LE. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from a lesion to the corticospinal tracts. Presents as spastic flexion of the UEs, spastic extension of the LEs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cranial nerves are considered to be part of which nervous system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell bodies/nuclei of the cranial nerves are located in the ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cranial nerves nuclei are considered part of which nervous system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cranial Nerves begin exiting the brain at the ___ level and lead all the way down to the ___. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most cranial nerve lesions produce ___ signs and symptoms. |
|
|
Term
Special sence receptors
Somatosensory receptors
Proprioceptors |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerves carry sensory & motor info to and from the 3 types of receptors fo the head, face & neck. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If there was a hemi-lesion below the decussation of the Dorsal Column Tract what type of loss would you have? |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral sensory loss |
|
Definition
| In regards to the Dorsal Column - If there was a hemi-lesion in the brainstem (above the medulla level, what type of loss would you have? |
|
|
Term
| contralateral sensory loss |
|
Definition
| In regards to the Dorsal Column Tract if there was a lesion in the cortex, what type of loss would you have? |
|
|
Term
At the lesion level - bilaterl loss
Below the lesion level - contralateral loss |
|
Definition
| In regards to the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract - If you had a hemi-lesion (on the side of the cord) in the SC what type of loss would you experience? |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral sensory loss |
|
Definition
| In regards to the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract - If you had a hemi-lesion of the brainstem what type of loss would you experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In regards to the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract - If you had a unilateral lesion in the postcentral gyrus what type of loss would you experience? |
|
|
Term
| ipsilateral loss - b/c the tract does not decussate |
|
Definition
| In regards to the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract - If you had a lesion at the spinal cord level what type of loss would you experience? |
|
|
Term
At the lesion level: bilateral loss
Below the lesion level: contralateral loss |
|
Definition
| In regards to the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract - If you had a hemi-lesion of the SC what type of loss would you experience? |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral proprioceptive loss |
|
Definition
| In regards to the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract - If you had a lesion in the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle what type of loss would you experience? |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral proprioceptive loss |
|
Definition
| In regards to the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract - If you had a lesion in one hemisphere of the Cerebellum what type of loss would you experience? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a serious & potentially life-threating complication associated with spinal cord injuries at or above the T10. Itis usually triggered by a noxius stimulus below the level of injury, such as a distended bladder. Symptoms include severe headache, sudden hypertension, facial flush, sweating and gooseflesh. Blood pressure may rise to dangerous levels; untreated it can lead to stroke or death |
|
|
Term
| anterior ramus of C5/Rhomboids & the Levator Scapulae |
|
Definition
| The Dorsal Scapular Nerve emerges from/innervates? |
|
|
Term
| Superior Trunk/Supraspinatus & Infraspinatus |
|
Definition
| The Suprascapular Nerve emerges from/innervates? |
|
|
Term
| Medial Cord/Pectoralis Major & Minor |
|
Definition
| The Medial Pectoral Nerve emerges from/innervates? |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Cord/Pectoralis Major |
|
Definition
| The Lateral Pectoralis Nerve emerges from/innervates? |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Cord/Subscapularis & the Teres Major |
|
Definition
| The Subscapular Nerve emerges from/innervates? |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Cord/Latissimus Dorsi |
|
Definition
| The Thoracodorsal Nerve emerges from/innervates? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-invasive procedure that involves the absorption of photons by tissues to generate data that, after computerized processing, are presented in a familiar gray scale format |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses magnets and radio waves to detect subtle electromagnetic fields in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Noninvasive test that is able to record neural electrical patterns or brain waves
Most commonly used in the evaluation of the following:
Seizures
Epilepsy
Herpes simplex encephalitis
Dementia
Limitations
Cannot detect brainstem activity well
Not useful in the diagnosis of brain death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invasive procedure that uses X-ray technology and contrast agents to evaluate the condition of the spine, spinal canal. Spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, and vertebral discs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invasive procedure used to remove a sample of CSF from the subarachnoid space for diagnostic evaluation |
|
|
Term
| Burner's or Stinger's Syndrome |
|
Definition
| can occur following a stretch or compression injury to the brachial plexus from a blow to the head or shoulder. This is relatively common in football players and is also seen in wrestlers and gymnasts. Symptoms include immediate burning pain, prickly paresthesia radiating from the neck, numbness, and even brief paralysis of the arm. These symptoms should resolve within minutes, although shoulder weakness and muscle tenderness of the neck may continue for a few days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (sometimes known as tip position) is a traction injury to a baby’s upper brachial plexus and occurs most commonly during a difficult childbirth. The affected arm hangs in shoulder extension and medial rotation, elbow extended, forearm pronated, and wrist flexed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to the common peroneal nerve can result in ___. It is often caused by cast pressure at the head of the fibula, where the nerve is quite superficial as it lies over the bony fibular head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when an injury to the long thoracic nerve weakens or paralyzes the serratus anterior muscle, causing the medial border of the scapula to rise away from the rib cage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is caused by irritation on the sciatic nerve roots, with pain radiating down the back of the leg. It is often caused by compression from a herniated lumbar disc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (loss of wrist extension) and a weakened ability to release objects (finger extension) will result from a high radial nerve injury, which is often a complication of a mid-humeral fracture. |
|
|
