Motions of roll, spin, slide, and spin that occur between the articular surfaces of the joints

Dense, irregular connective tissue with negligible available motion. Binds bones within a functional unit; disperses forces across the joined bones

Examples: Sutures of the skull, teeth embedded in sockets of the maxillae and mandible, interosseous membrane of the forearm and leg, and the distal tibiofibular joint

Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage with minimal to moderate available motion. Provides a combination of relatively restrained movement and shock absorption.

Examples: Intervertebral disc (within the interbody joints of the spine), xiphisternal joint, pubic symphysis, and manubriosternal joint

Diarthrosis

(synovial joint)

True joint space filled with synovial fluid and surrounded by a capsule with extensive available motion. Provides the primary pivot points for movement of the musculoskeletal system.

Examples: Glenohumeral joint, tibiofemoral joint, interphalangeal joint, and the apophyseal (facet) joint of the spine

Door hinge - flexion and extension only.

Examples: Humeroulnar joint and interphalangeal joint

Door knob - spinning of one member around a single axis of rotation.

Examples: proximal radioulnar joint and atlantoaxial joint

Flattened convex ellipsoid paired with a concave trough - biplanar motion (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction).

Example: radiocarpal joint

Spherical convex surface paired with a concave cup - triplanar motion (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation).

Examples: glenohumeral joint and coxofemoral (hip) joint

Relatively flat surfaces apposing one another, like a book on a table - typical motions include a slide (translation) or a combined slide and rotation.

Examples: intercarpal joints and intertarsal joints

Each member has a reciprocally curved concave and convex surface oriented at right angles to one another, like a horse rider and a saddle - biplanar motion; a spin between the bones is possible but may be limited by the interlocking nature of the joint.

Examples: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and sternoclavicular joint

Mostly spherical convex surface that is enlarged in one dimension like a knuckle; paired with a shallow concave cup - biplanar motion; either flexion/extension and abduction/adduction, or flexion/extension and axial (internal/external) rotation.

Examples: metacarpophalageal joint and tibiofemoral (knee) joint

Diarthrosis (synovial joint)

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Hinge Joint

Ball-and-socket Joint

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Diarthrosis (synovial joint)

Condyloid Joint

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Diarthrosis (synovial joint)

1. Hinge

2. Pivot

3. Ellipsoid

4. Ball-and-socket

5. Plane

6. Saddle

7. Condyloid

Pads of fibrocartilage imposed between the articular surfaces of synovial joints - increase articular congruency and improve force dispersion.

Joints: Tibiofemoral, Distal radioulnar, Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular, and Temporomandibular

Thick, rugged fibers that elongate very littlewhen stretched; compose ligaments, tendons, and fibrous capsules

Thinner and less stiff than Type I fibers; provide a flexible woven framework for maintaining the general shape and consistency of structures such as hyaline cartilage.

-Composes the external fibrous layer of the joint capsule & forms ligaments

-Binds bones together and restrains unwanted movement at the joints; resists tension in several directions

-Covers the ends of articulating bones in synovial joints

-Resists and distributes compressive forces (joint loading) and shear forces (surface sliding); very low coefficient of friction

-Composes the interveterbral discs and the disc within the pubic symphysis

-Forms the intraarticular discs (menisci)

-Forms the labrum of the glenoid fossa and the acetabulum

-Provides some support and stabilization to joints; primary function is to provide "shock absorption" by resisting and distributing compressive and shear forces

-Forms the internal levers of the musculoskeletal system

-Resists deformation; strongest resistance is applied against compressive forces due to body weight and muscle force

-Provides a rigid lever to transmit muscle force to move and stabilize the body